Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay Examplen laid downhearted by the IASB and the FASB together with the intension of providing a sound future for the accounting standards which have moved to adequate more principals based, internally consistent and internationally converged. This paper has also dealt with the pros and cons of this fashion model and the agreements are based approximately the international conceptual framework.The IASB is a board which aims at developing and helping to improve the general economic consumption financial statements, to make sure that it meets to the public interest (Mill, et.al., 2003). The IASB is one of the single high qualities, simple to discover and also one of the only global accounting standards which needs complete information of the general declare oneself financial statements. The global Accounting Standard Board (IASB) has made various proposals to improve the conceptual framework for financial reporting. The International Accoun ting Standard Board has proposed to improvise the objectives of the General Purpose Financial Reports (Kitabjian, 2008). The International Accounting Standard Board has foc characterd on improving the General Purpose Financial Reports for capableness investors and lenders. They suggest that the report aims at these groups of individuals to help them make informed decisions regarding their capital investments (IASB, 2008). The IASB also works in cooperation with the national accounting standard setters which provides for a meeting point for all the accounting standards from across the world.The use of fair value as opposed to the historical cost accounting has always been quite a controversial choice. In this case the use of fair value would prove to be more adept when compared to the historical cost accounting as this would have reduced the impact of the credit crunch. In the clipping of a credit problem and a troubled economy, the use of fair value is one which is almost benefi cial. The use of fair value is beneficial majorly because the use of the fair value provides

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Microeconomics - Essay ExampleThis relationship is repetitive making the circular flow unceasing. The harvest-feast foodstuffplace refers to where all the goods produced by the self-colored are sold to households while factor market is where all factors of action like labour, capital and land among others are traded (McEachern 5).Households sell resources or factors of production in the factor market and use the money obtained to purchase products sold by the firm in the product market. My family as a household provides labour to the firm. The family is then rewarded for the labour it sells to the firm through wages and salaries. After payment, the family uses the payment from the firm to purchase goods manufactured by the firm, hence the firm gets proceeds from sales of products. This money obtained from the family through product purchase is again used to purchase raw materials for producing goods and also used to pay workers (my family). This relationship is continuous resul ting into an endless circular flow pattern of

What are the types of Discrimination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What are the signs of Discrimination - Assign ment useThose that do not share the same beliefs will be subjected to hard work, work lengthy hours and working under unhealthy conditions (Roscigno, 2007).Perception discrimination is the second type of discrimination. Managers may discriminate an employee based on the perception that people have on the race of the employee. Some races are perceived to be quick-witted while others are perceived to be foolish hence, the four-in-hand will treat an employee based on that perception. Sexual orientation is also used by managers. Many times, women are perceived to be weaker than men hence men may end up getting the best position than the women. The third type of discrimination is indirect discrimination. The age of a worker may be a discriminating factor. For example, if the manager is old, opinion of the young employees will not be valued since there believe they dont have experience in their work (Roscigno, 2007).Sexual torment is the fourth type of discrimination. Sexual harassment is most common in many organizations, where the manager sexually abuse the employees for them to get promotion, easy jobs and to parry punishment. Victimization is the fifth type of discrimination where a person is treated badly because of not funding the manager it may be due to complaint the person had filed against

Sollievo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sollievo - Essay ExampleHence for the six consecutive ads, this value will be $210,000. Advertisements that have more than one color cost more than black and white advertisements.The cost of an advertisement on trade shows is significantly lower than running advertisements on TV or magazines. Advertising make on the trade shows website lower the business cost per sale significantly. If an advertisement from a DR magazine is $50,000, a trade show can be around $30,000 to $40,000.The major benefit of magazine advertisement to a business it the aptitude to display images of higher quality than the direct ones through newspaper or mail. Images amply of color and gloss create clear pictures of the products. This gives the public a better idea of the company. Many magazines stub a specific people. When an advertisement is posted, it means that someone will at one time cream and read it irrespective of the print date. Hence, increased returns to the business.When used properly and in a timely way, twain DR magazine and trade shows have the capacity of increasing business returns to over 100 percent. The effect of an weighing is far much better than staying without

Need for a Lean Initiatives Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Need for a Lean Initiatives - Research Paper Example precaution is a complex function that determines a company success, delivering of affordable goods and quality goods, a trustable delivery and nonstop innovation throughout the companies entire functioning chains (Arnheiter & Maleyeff, 2005). Determinants of efficient trouble are measured by the companies market network and the shareholder value. If the two factors increase then the companies have realized good management skills. Nike and Adidas are two European countries that work with an aim of outdoing each other from the market by better their strategic management. Most of the strategies are based on their supply chain and marketability of their crossings. The aim of this study is to equal and to contrast the management styles of the two companies in the context of how they affect organization behavior.According to Locke and Romis (2012), a propensity management system incorporates a strategy that ensures daily progress, meaningful purpose, and lasting value. The Footwear market is characterized by dynamic factors most of the changes are short period. The demands in the market are not flexible, and the purchases are sometimes high and other times small. Additionally, the products from the manufacturing industry to the market usually follow a short product lifecycle. Adidas Company has instituted scat initiatives in management, focused to decrease the costs and to improve their supply chain processes. However, lean initiatives make the company prone to risks that occur because of relying on other supply chains, elements and other interruptions (Locke & Romis, 2012)Nike Company has follow a management strategy referred to as a Subcontracting Management Plan. The strategy has advantages for the company marketing strategies, and it ensures that the markets are unique from other companies offering similar products, and the production process is determined by the

Internet and Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

meshing and applied science - Research Paper ExampleAs such, this paper shall briefly discuss the functional and social benefits of the Internet, and accordingly move on to elucidating its social disadvantages. In the end, this paper aims to reinforce its thesis that while the Internet has its validating social benefits, it should not be replaced with real, face-to-face social interactions. Benefits of the Internet The primary advantages of the Internet atomic government issue 18 root in its nature as a digital communication medium. In this regard, it can be claimed that the cat valium benefits of the Internet may be grouped either as functional or social. There are three common functional benefits of the Internet. Firstly, the Internet allows for an easier and more comfortable access to a vast number of information second (Brey 4). As an example, through the presence of various search engines like Google and Yahoo Search, heap from all over the globe can access pertinent inf ormation well-nigh any composition in less than a second. This helps in enhancing spates cognitive skills. Secondly, The Internet makes it possible for people to efficiently and effectively transfer information (Brey 4). For example, with the increasing popularity of blog sites and social networking sites, almost anyone can construct or disseminate online contents to their contacts or subscribers. Such maintains high level of awareness and interest on the most pressing societal issues. Lastly, the Internet facilities various communication formats among individuals from all parts of the globe. Examples of these formats include one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many communication. with this, freedom of expression is protected and practiced by giving every user a get to impart his or her insights on the common societal happenings. On the other hand, there are cardinal common social benefits of the Internet. Firstly, it helps dilate and maintain good social relations. This usu ally happens when the Internet is used as a tool of communication for those who wish to maintain their closeness with their loved ones. For example, Skype is bridges communication facing pages by ensuring real-time communication. Secondly, the Internet contributes in the community formation and social organization by sexual union people with same interests and likes. For example, there are various websites that cater to passion groups like dancers, painters, and what not. As such, it a great deal provides a fresh new approach for individuals to build and enhance social movements. Thirdly, the Internet also assists in ones identity formation and psychological development by helping them be what they real are. In this sense, Internets capacity to allow for anonymity gives more freedom to the users. Lastly, the Internet paves the way for a better understanding not only of ones glossiness, but of the culture of others, too. In this regard, through the vast information that are pres ent in the Internet, anyone can search about history and art, allowing one to appreciate various cultural symbols and norms. Disadvantages of the Internet The Internet also has its share of damaging effects to people and societies at large. Obviously, depending on the intention of its users, the Internet may be used to set aside ones reputation and dignity. The primary disadvantage happens when online interaction is being replaced with tangible, face-to-face relationships. For example, when a psyche decides to engage more in online communication rather than real communication, he will slowly develop

Football & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Football & finance - Essay ExampleThe spending on salaries and players was 43 percent up over the previous quintette years. European clubs assessment is a requirement of Uefas pecuniary fair play policies, which focuses on simplification debt and stopping teams from spending above their capability. According to Uefas rule of financial fair play, teams that fail to visualize the requirements of the unions policies face sanctions or suspension from participating in the continents major competitions. According to 2009, 2010 and 2010 financial reports, some(prenominal) clubs participating at both clubs and European competition levels exhibited significant measure of losses in relation to the Uefas minimum low of 5 million. Many European football clubs including top flight clubs necessitate recently shown numerous financial drawbacks adding to recent increase in the keep down loss experience in the European football industry. There have been public outcries from some clubs regardi ng financial fair play by some of the continents top division clubs. A enormous number of clubs have undergone liquidation while many more face the threat of possible bans from taking part in Uefa Champions League and Europa League, which are the continents close prestigious football competitions. extermination is the worst experience any club would ever wish to undergo. Apparently, cost control has been one of the most challenging tasks for European football clubs. Many clubs, including the most famous clubs in the recent history of football, have failed maintain low and sustainable expenditure levels, which calls for robust research into the issue of finance and football. There owe to the increasing margins of losses incurred by European football clubs and many reported cases of possible liquidations of clubs, there is catch need for information supply for football club managers and committees on sustainable cost management approaches, which this spew intends to establish th rough review of literature on some of the main causes of financial dismay for many football clubs. Preliminary Review of Literature The strong economic growth that football industry exhibited during modern periods of 1990s prompted academicians and researchers to shift their attention towards issues that relate to the administration of performance of football clubs

Evaluation Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Evaluation Plan - Term paper ExampleThe first pace in my paygrade plan lead involve assessing the background and model of the paygrade. This step as elucidated by Holden et al (2009) will involve comprehension of the environment, framework, and circumstances surrounding the evaluation of the intend channel. For instance, I will establish the relationship between individuals and specific bodies to involve in implementing the change to ascertain their train of commitment. During this initial step in addition, I will assess the range of the evaluation in terms of estimation of resources required for executing the planned change such as the personify and human resource. The second step of my evaluation plan will involve an in-depth exploration and identification of stakeholders and their level of association (Holden et al, 2009). In reference to the unmet need and planned change, stakeholders to be considered at this stage include nurses, physicians, patients, the topical anes thetic community, governmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The relationship between these stakeholders will have an immediate effect on the outcome of the planned change.Thirdly, I will engage identified stakeholders in terms of requesting them to participate in designing strategies aimed at the implementation of change, and make sure each one of them understand their specific roles and responsibilities (Holden et al, 2009). Fourthly, I will evidence and put all the processes of the strategic plan into context in order for the stakeholders to understand (Holden et al, 2009). The fifth step will involve formulation of wide-ranging question for assessing the outcome of the planned change (2009). During this step, I will assess the practicability and achievability of the planned change. This will be followed by data collection by means of observation, direct interviews, and structured questionnaires to establish whether the objectives of

Review on Mason and Dixon chapter 35 by thomas pynchon Essay

Review on Mason and Dixon chapter 35 by doubting Thomas pynchon - Essay ExampleReverend Cherrycoke to his twin nephews Pitt and pliney alternatively referred to as the elder, or the Younger throughout the obtain narrates the tale. The narrative approach dramatic aloney changes from the story to the room where the narrative is being told. It requires a person to be extra careful or else they will be lost in time.The chapter reintroduces Reverend Cherrycoke and introduces the Redzinger family, the gambler Mr. Edgwise as well as the outstanding Armand and his Duck (350). It discusses the history and Christ likening the two to the fate of no man with only the destination of every expedition as the universal factor. Cherrycoke reveals there is a machine, which triggers all history in some part, leaving people in times where they cannot live and remain compos mentis(predicate) where history disappears. Cherrycoke observations in Christ and history can be thought as a straightforward den unciation of the Puritan and subsequently, American principle of the theory of Exceptionalism. This theory is of the opinion that America is different from other nations, it has a sacred history and events, and that it is the chosen country. It argues that Americas cities and hidden valleys are of one sure god who is always on the American side saving the faithfulness America. America and Americans will come to be one, later in time in a reunion with their creator as a reward for the sacrifices and hard work for its priceless dedication as well as devotion. To the puritans what is stated to be a fact remains so but to the younger generations in the form of Ethelmer, the Reverend as well as Pynchon this does not hold water (361).The book requires maximum concentration for one to experience the early history and culture. It requires slow and keen reading more so in chapter 35, where the themes require economic aid to identify, as they are not straightforward. This is critical in the understanding of the

Innocent Drink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Innocent Drink - Essay ExampleThe purpose of this root word is to analyze the strategies that had been adopted by Innocent Drinks to become one of the most popular brands in the increase smoothies market. The aim is to evaluate ways in which a caller-out had implemented its strategies to rise from a scummy beginning and becoming a major market player. One of the most interesting facts about this come with is that its organizational structure has gone through massive changes that had impacted overall business.The organizational structure of a companionship refers to its shape or hierarchical structure. The organizational structure describes allocation of tasks, supervision and coordination that helps in achieving desire goals. In case of Innocent Drinks, the company was set up by Richard Reed, Adam Balon and Jon Wrigh and was initially funded by Maurice Pinto (a wealthy businessman). The company had a little more than hundred staff while commencing the operations. There was mi nimum hierarchy in the organization. The unique feature about Innocent Drinks is that it does not own any of the juicing facilities. The company simply contracts the work of manufacturing smoothies to different sites.The growth of the company in first six years of its judicature is nothing less than a success story. By 2005, the company became the fastest growing smoothie company in U.K. Constant product innovation has been one of the most important factors that had contributed to growth of the company. The reason toilet growth of the smoothie market in U.K. can be assessed with the help of PESTLE factors.Political The governmental environment in the U.K. is stable that had enabled fast growth of the fruit smoothie industry. The U.K. government required a smoothie manufacturing company to state whether the products that is being produced is either concentrated fruit juice or thin fruit juice. Also, the government had been promoting anti-obesity campaigns and promoting developmen t of health drinks (Rao, 2004).Economic

Comparison between Windows XP & the Linux operating system Essay

Comparison between Windows XP & the Linux run system - Essay ExampleThe world has been witnessing a revolution ever since the introduction of the windows operational system. This has been primarily due to the easy-to-use interface as also the user-friendly controls that it is equipped with. But, the advent of the 90s has seen the rise of other major operating system that was developed on a UNIX foundation. Linux, as this operating system is popularly known is a freely available version under the open source initiative. It was and continues to be a hit with hardcore software developers. Therefore, the present era is seeing a tug-of-war between the vendor-based Windows XP (the newest version of windows) and the Linux (open source) operating systems As such, the windows vs. Linux debate are a heated topic for intelligence under the OS (operating systems) domain. As far as the current paper is concerned, the main aspects that will be discussed as part of the discussion include the fo llowingThe basic difference between Windows XP & Linux when it comes to the issue of synchronization lies in the manner in which the different mouldes are related to the underlying kernel. Synchronization is a term that is more often associated with an environment that comprises the feat of more than a single process simultaneously. Under such situations, synchronization ensures that all the processes move concurrently such that at that place is a sense of coordination between them for the purpose of getting a task to execute in perfect run-time order so as to prevent undesirable race conditions from occurring (A. Silberschatz, 2006). When it comes to the Linux operating system, there is a process scheduler that controls access to the processor. Therefore, the scheduler is assigned the task of governing the state of implementation of the various processes present. The scheduler uses a set of timers to determine the various durations such as the amount of time that is supposed t o be allocated to a particular process, the time for bringing out a process out of the execution or wait state etc. this governs the monitoring of the system for any occurrence of deadlocks that can be duly eliminated finished efficient mechanisms (Gordon Fischer, Claudia Salzberg Rodriguez, Claudia Salzberg, Steven Smolski, 2005). As opposed to this, the various processes under Windows XP are directly attached to the kernel. This requires that the kernel (and thereby the scheduler as well) must keep track of all the various processes that are attached to the kernel, though they may not be in use. This increases the chances of a deadlock & in many cases there are sobering aberrations in terms of proper execution sequence between the various processes that are connected to a particular task. This is the usual occurrence when wizard tries to open too many applications on a windows tool wherein the system fails to respond beyond a certain limit (system hang). Linux has been foun d to offer better carrying out in this regard, wherein a system hang-up occurs only when the system hardware can no monthlong maintain the pace. Process Management This is related to the synchronization problem in the sense that the discussion in the main revolves around the process. The process management deals with two aspects in particular. According to A. Tanenbaum (2001), the first case is the allocation of execution sate to various processes & the other one is the allocation of memory space to the programs (processes). While the first one is mainly concerned about deadlocks, the second one is aimed at the minimizing the time required to fetch a process from the memory to the waiting queue for the purpose of putting it under consideration for execution. Under Linux, very(prenominal) process is assigned a unique process number that is used to reference the particular process under all circumstances, be it to create child processes, execute it or for killing that particular

Do IM and SMS contribute to decay of language Essay

Do IM and SMS contri onlye to decay of language - Essay ExampleThe contemporary generations introduction to texting of these sorts has influenced their behaviour in academic pen (Momberg). The fact of importance to to the highest degree is which kind of effect is it having. Lecturers in the universities have been attri yeted to having said that the use of SMS to an extent nearing generalized communication all over the day has resulted in loss of punctuation and proper hug drugings for most of the students (Momberg). On one hand it powerfulness have been the sole reason for their to the point replies with brevity (Momberg) since they have now gotten used to it. The conciseness something that would be count oned as a positive effect of instant messaging and short(p) message service but does it even out the loss of literatures grasp itself as tumesce or does it help evolve it? It strength be interesting to note that jargon of such kind was not really introduced by texting (Cry stal), it was in that location 50 years before the introduction of texting. English, infact, is said to have been generalizing abbreviations since its epoch. Words such as car, exam, ok, etc (pun intended) were very much abbreviated long before the modern age. All these first forms of the words were criticised in their own time, but have now be spot a part of the formal english literature (Crystal). Do we consider that evolution of culture or decay of language? It is the perspective that matters. To weigh the pros and cons of such an evolution exponent be the way to go. In 1711, Joseph Addison is said to have criticised the abbreviation of words. These abbreviations and short words are a good deal SMS-esque and are often blended with the modern day short messaging and texting, be it over net or a cellphone. The text messaging differ in terms of their abbreviations over individual written material titles. Although, some standards are now settling in as trim backs, there is no standard style or expectation of writing a short message or an instant message (Crystal). To happen the origin of the usage of abbreviations in texting, it is not hard to see that it was to overcome the technological bounds of typewrite with a cell phones keypad rather than a full keyboard or even, for some, referable to shifting newly to a keyboard from a traditional pen and paper writing as well as to save the costs by writing the minimum amount of text characters. On the different hand is it really just this which influences the transforming of correct spellings in to, often, more convoluted ones which might apparently pay off more time and energy. David Crystal regards it as a need to play with words and sounds to form a language without barriers that pushes the trend forward to even use words and abbreviations that are rather more complex than the language they are replacing (Crystal). The trend of texting might also be used as a cover up by many who cant actually spell. On adaptation a text message full of SMS jargon, you have no way to tell whether the sender can spell proper english and has done it deliberately or doesnt know how to spell and is using the short message jargon as a way to escape scrutiny of the reader (Clarke). This might be of interest to those who think that sms is decaying the english language SMS is only hiding the facts that people have abandoned reading and writing proper literature. SMS, on the other hand, might be informally educating the readers to a new trend and evolving global language. The debate between these two sides would depend on how the abbreviations and the jargon is being used. Plain writing is not the only thing that has been influenced by short messaging and instant messaging. Poetry has also come in the line of texting through these

Keynesian Economic and Monetarist Economic Policy Research Paper

Keynesian economical and Monetarist Economic Policy - Research report card ExampleSuch impressive growth was the outcome of Keynesian policies, such as the needs of interpolation by the government (Discover the networks, 2012). This period was the golden age of Keynesianism. However, the world economy faced a extended recession, which resulted from non only rising inflation and unemployment but also dropping economic growth, after 1973. peck began to believe the newly risen Monetarism, which claims fiscal policy is not useful, due to the failure of Keynesianism. Keynesian Economic Policies Keynes emphasized that aggregate demand in the economy can be influenced very effectively by altering the levels of government spending as well as tax rates (Nelson, 2006). The neoclassical economic theory could not explain the factors that led to the economic collapse of the untaught and was also unable to slang some appropriate public policy that would help to solve the economic crisis. While the need for whatsoever kind of government intervention was rejected by the orthodox neoclassical economists, Keynes advocated that inactiveness on luck of the government would only worsen the condition of unemployment in the economy and aggravate the situation of an economic downturn. posterior Maynard Keynes stated that in order to improve the economies the governments should raise levels of public spending and cut taxes. Neoclassical economists did not approve of this action in the given economic context since there was an established view encompass the lassie faire mode of the economy that claimed that in the market economy, if the market equilibrium is disturbed, the economy has the potential to betray an automatic recovery, without necessitating any government intervention. In contrast to this, Keynes argued that in an economy in which there is the uplifted rate of unemployment with low aggregate demand, the economy would ultimately get weaker if indefinitely deman d is allowed to fall petty of the productive capacity of the economy. The solution proposed by Keynes was to stimulate demand in the economy. The policy directions made by the economists were discretionary fiscal policy changes that were to the made by the government in accord with the condition of the economy. When the country is in recession, the government is responsible for increasing public spending so that it raises the aggregate demand in the economy. Higher levels of government spending would boost demand both directly and indirectly. Governments expenditure increases the incomes of the workers who make high levels of demand.

The Influence of Classical Theorists on Contemporary Culture Assignment

The Influence of Classical Theorists on present-day(a) Culture - Assignment ExampleThe fast success of the movement garnered the support and sympathy of ordinary citizens to champion the unfairness of the cuts and tax evasion tactics of the affluent. Lessons Learned from the Uncut Movement Aside from the glaring injury of the tax restrictions on public spending, the significant and relevant models that can be seen in this phenomenal tuition in this example are the fundamental beliefs on sparings and social change, class relations of capitalism and the theory of Hegemony. According to Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist philosopher, hegemony is the permeation throughout society of an entire system of values, attitudes, beliefs, and righteousness that has the effect of supporting the status quo in power relations. Hegemony is an organizing principle diffused by the process of culture into every area of daily life. To the extent that this prevailing consciousness is internalized by the population, it becomes part of what is normally cognize as common sense so that the philosophy, culture, and morality of the ruling elite appear as the essential order of things.(Boggs1976 p.39) This Uncut protest action is a classic example of the concepts of classical thinkers notably Karl Marx, Georg Wilhelm Freidrich Hegel and Gramsci regarding the prefatorial beliefs mentioned earlier. Hegel aptly described the state in modern societies as the highest form of social reason. It represents the culmination of fortify through history and the fact that the state is able to integrate self- evoke members of civil society, who if left to themselves would be interested only in pursuing the personal goals of personal enrichment. (Callinicos, 2007 p.46) Karl Marx has a relevant discourse that elucidates the circumstances surround the reaction of the people towards the matter of reductions in public expenditures and tax avoidance by the moneyed sector. The economic basis of the social order must be seen as a complex totality do up of relationships between different elements engaged in drudgery. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic coordinate of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, however their social existence that determines their consciousness. (Morrison, Marx, Weber and Durkheim, 2006, pp. 214-216)).

Miike Takashis view that Audition is not a horror film in the light of Essay

Miike Takashis view that tryout is not a horror movie house in the light of Japanese and Western horror conventions - try ExampleWithin the Western horror film industry, some names of famous directors come to judging Wes Craven, George A. Romero, Dario Argento, and Tobe Hooper. Most of these directors had films in the 1970s and 80s that gained tremendous popularity for the hacker, slasher, zombie, blood and gore motifs. These movies contain many elements, but horror is always the main theme.What is horror? The Merriam Webster dictionary defines horror as a painful, and earnest fear, dread, or dismay intense aversion or repugnance the quality of inspiring horror repulsive, horrible, or dismal quality or character.Is horror the main theme of Audition which was directed by Takashi Miike? Miike doesnt think so and actually feels that he should not be considered as a horror director, as defined by Western horror. Miike, a director from Japan, has been in the film industry for over a decade. He got his start in television and movies that went straight to video. He approaches his films, such as Audition, utilizing different methods than those that argon considered standard within Western Horror conventions.How does Miike view Audition as being billed as a horror film? When discussing the film, Miike stated in an interview I kind of wanted to crowd the clich of horror. I think that human beings are far more frightening than any horror film and I wanted to express that point. I was trying to make the story as real as possible. That way it becomes more frightening. He also stated in an interview from his movie clinical depression (2005), part of a series on Showtime called Masters of Horror, Among the horror fans overseas, films like Audition and Ichi the killer whale have caused me to be misunderstood as someone who makes horror-like films.

Interview Analysis Essay Example for Free

wonder Analysis EssayFor the call into question section of the group project, I decided to interview a twenty- louver year old woman who resides in the San Francisco bay argona in California. Choosing to bring her per word of honoral identity operator remain anonymous, the interviewee has granted us permission to refer to her as the alias bloody shame. bloody shame is currently espouse to a thirty year old man and has one nine year old son. Surprisingly, bloody shame did not contract the disease by having heterosexual intercourse with her partner alike(p) so many an(prenominal) other women have gotten human immunodeficiency virus. She had obtained the disease through intravenous means. bloody shames husband and son are not HIV positive(p). Mary has been living with HIV for the past six years. Throughout the interview, Mary had a actually wise and warm aurora about her. Her cheery and positive attitude and optimistic brainpower on life was evident. I questioned Mary of h er understanding of HIV/ back up before and after her diagnosis six years ago. She had explained that since she was nineteen years of age, she has struggled with depression and turned to shooting heroin as a coping mechanism.Mary, like most adolescents, was completely unaware she could obtain the disease through sharing needles she view HIV was spread only through homosexual intercourse. When Mary had discovered she was in fact positive of having HIV, feelings of embarrassment and fear, and thoughts of suicide swam though her head. Questions such as how can I tell my husband (boyfriend at the time), what will my family think, will I be able to see my son graduate or get married.However, after years of continued counseling, Mary has come to a brighter understanding of her diagnosis. Having HIV is not a death sentence and I can still live a semifinal normal life. By attending support groups, conversing with individuals living relatively normal lives after obtaining the disease, goi ng to therapy and talk with remediates, Mary found solace. Even my husband (boyfriend at the time) was very supportive. I thought he would have ran for the hills Mary said, chuckling. Marys family were also understanding.Her family sends money to help pay the medical bills and offers an aiding hand in raising her nine year old son. Stated earlier in the interview, after obtaining HIV, Mary has had a very warm and vibrant aurora about her. Since learning of her condition, Mary has learned that she is stronger than she had previously considered herself to be. I felt that I (could) handle anything thrown at me. I unfeignedly commend and praise Mary for her courageous outlook on her life. That even after hitting this speed bump, she has taken on a positive attitude and confidence regarding life.When I inquired Mary about how she told her family, she said she told her husband first consequently her other relatives at Sunday dinner. Tears were shed but eventually her family initiall y stood by her side. What really stood out to me the most during this part of the interview was her sons reaction to the news. My husband and I told my son together and explained to him what mommy has. He asked if I was going to die and I told him not for a very long time. He then preceded to play with his Legos as if I had told him it was raining outside. After asking Mary if she had anything to say to the other women of the world living with HIV, she smiled and stated For all those beautiful, strong women of the world living with this condition, do not pity yourself. Keep your immune system working by eating healthy and taking vitamins and taking your meds. I know sometimes life seems unfair but its worth living. Youre all strong and beautiful. Never believe otherwise. This was the most inspiring words and heartfelt words Mary has said throughout the entire interview. For the past four years, Mary has been completely clean of drugs and alcohol.For the past five years, Mary has b een attending therapy twice a month and has recently stopped frequently going to the doctor because monetary issues and her insurance has dropped her from her coverage. Mary still receives standard antiretroviral therapy to suppress the HIV virus and to stop it from progressing to AIDS and practices safe sex by using a condom and dental dam. To wrap up the interview I questioned if Mary had anything she would like relatives or anyone else to know about HIV. For the relatives, it takes a village to raise a child.Even though I was nineteen years old, a mother and living on my own, I was in fact still a child. After being diagnosed, I was especially vulnerable it was like I was born againFor the others, dont judge a book by its cover. You never know who is living with this disease and never know how hard the struggle is to live with this disease. It was really a pleasure and a treat to talk to such a kind, strong, woman who has been through so much(prenominal) in her life yet achieve d so much regardless the circumstances. Mary is a wonderful mother, an absorbed wife and has earned her Associates degree and is now a receptionist.

Sleep and Rapid Eye Movement Essay Example for Free

Sleep and Rapid Eye causal agent EssayAw romances that magical place that you drift off to in your sleep when everything goes just your way. Its that part of the daytime when everything is so pleasant and peaceful. Hello fellow classmates, and miss grubb today im here to talk about Dreams on that point are many things that make intakes happen. for example being in a good mood non being angry and getting a good nights sleep can make it happen. You can dream during(REM) rapid eye movement. What is rapid eye movement. Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the look. REM sleep typically occupies 2025% of total sleep, about 90 adept hundred twenty minutes of a nights sleep. REM sleep is considered the deepest stage of sleep, and normally occurs close to morning.During a night of sleep, one usually attends about four or five periods of REM sleep they are quite hornswoggle at the beginning of the night and longer toward the end. Ma ny animals and some people tend to wake, or experience a period of very light sleep, for a short time immediately after a bout of REM. The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age. A newborn baby spends more than than 80% of total sleep time in REM. now lets talk about dreams themself. The man heading is responsible for many complex creations, but it cant invent the image of people. So the strangers that you experience in your dreams actually have the faces of people who youve once seen in your real life but forgotten, uniform your childhood mailman or that guy you bumped into on the sidewalk that one time.Chances are that youve laid your eyes on more than a few individuals, and so the brain now has a huge fuddle of characters to play with when you drift off to sleep. Except for, in the case of extreme psychological disorder, every human being dreams. In fact, in a recent study, students who were awakened at the beginning of each dream but still allowed 8 hour s of sleep, all experienced difficulty concentrating, irritability, hallucinations, and signs of psychosis in a span of three days.When they were allowed their REM sleep, their brains compensated for the lost time by increasing the percentage of the sleep spent in the REM stage. Dreams are a window into the subconscious. Even though most of the time, theyre completely random, disorganized, and we close up 90% of them within 10 minutes of waking up many people have displace inspiration from their dreams.

Explain Kants Ethical theories Essay Example for Free

exempt Kants Ethical theories EssayKants ethical theory is an absolute and deontological theory. This means that humans are seeking the ultimate end called the supreme good also known as the summon Bonnum. Kant says that morality is a categorical imperative, this is a duty which must always be obeyed in all possible situations. A categorical imperative is what is needed to find what is right or wrong. Kant argued that to act morally is to do whizzs duty, and ones duty is to obey the moral law. Kant also believe that there was no room for emotion. Kant believe that categorical imperative helps us to know which actions are obligatory and which are forbidden. in that location are three principles within the categorical imperatives these include Universal law, Treat humans as ends In themselves and fare as if you live in a kingdom of ends. Universal law is putting minority views first. If it is wrong for one individual than it is wrong for everyone. An action must not be carrie d out unless the person believes that the same situation all people would act in the same way.Treat humans as ends in themselves is respecting a person. This means that you can never use human beings for another purpose or to exploit or enslave them, this is because humans are the highest point of creation and demand unique treatment. Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends, this means treat all with respect. Kant believed that all of these helped to give rise maxims. A maxim is an absolute moral statement about a universal truth. For example a maxim Murder is wrong.Therefore it is a universal rule that murdering anyone is wrong. Kant believes that we can only be authorized moral agents if we are free to make our own decisions. He argues that our freedom to make rational choices is what separates us from animals. He says that is you can do something, you should be able to do something, and if you cannot do something it is unfair to be asked. E.g. it is unfair to ask someone in a wheelchair to run a marathon.

African American Literature Essay Example for Free

African American belles-lettres EssayZora Neale Hurston is included in almost every discussion of the Harlem Renaissance as a study contributor to the movement. She has inspired several essay length literary bends that significantly discuss her part to the movement itself. These essays include Mary V. Dearborns Black Women Authors and the Harlem Renaissance, Sharon Dean and Erlene Stestons Flower-Dust and springtime Harlem Renaissance Women, conjuration Lowes Hurston, Humor and the Harlem Renaissance, and Ralph D. Storys Gender and Ambition Zora Neale Hurston in the Harlem Renaissance. (Champion 167)Hurston has also inspired many another(prenominal) creators to create book length works speaking of her work. Those titles include Robert E. Hemenways Zora Neale Hurston a Literary Biography, Lillie P. Howards Zora Neal Hurston, and John Lows Jump at the Sun Zora Neale Hurston. These various titles contain insightful studies of the authors life and writing style, as well as s ome contain a encompassing compilation of Hurstons short stories and essays. (Champion 167) Hurstons work was not always received well when ab initio published. It is believed this was because most reviewers during this time period were male.Many saw Hurston as politically conservative and became upset because she was support by white patrons. (Champion 166) Her work titled Their Eyes Were Watching God received a contradict review when the reviewer was quoted as saying that he believes it posed situations irrelevant to African American Struggles. (Champion 166) aft(prenominal) her conclusion, her work seemed to have been forgotten, however it once again emerged in the 1970s and 1980s when she was rediscovered and reassessed. Much of her work has been published for the first time or reprinted and scholars have began examining it from the feminist, cultural and political perspective.(Champion 166) Hurston died in 1960, after she dog-tired her last few years existent in povert y she was unable to make a living from her writings during her lifetime. She had been working on a book titled The Life of Herod the Great, but it was never completed. Her death was basically unnoticed by the world and she was buried in an unmarked grave. (Dickinson) The rediscovery of her work has finally take in her a rightful place among literary greats. As many scholarly subjects, Andrew Crosland points out that it is important to immortalise to place Hurstons works in historical and cultural context to gain broader perspectives.Her works go forward visible reminders of tribulations of being a black woman in a white and masculine dominate society. (Champion 167)Works CitedBalshaw, Maria. Looking for Harlem Urban Aesthetics in African American Literature. Sterling, Va Pluto P, 2000. Boyd, Valerie. About Zora Neale Hurston. The ex officio Zora Neale Hurston Website. 2007. http//www. zoranealehurston. com/biography. html. Champion, Laurie, and Emmanuel S. Nelson. American Wo men Writers, 1900-1945 a Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport, Conn Greenwood P, 2000.

European History World War I Essay Example for Free

European History realism contend I EssayThe focal point of this essay is to evaluate and analyze the office staff of feminine nurses in human race War I. The report overall could be enumerated about the imp crop of World War I on the home apparent motion to the countries involving especially wowork force. For the purpose references would be taken from predominantly four concords. The first ace is Its a long way to Tipperary British and Irish Nurses in the Great War by Yvonne McEwen and the second one used in this paper is Nurses at the Front Writing the Wounds of the Great War by Margaret R. Higonnet.The third and fourth harbour used for this paper would be The woman of Royaumount A Scottish womens infirmary on the western front by Eileen Crofton and War and Gender How Gender Shapes the War System and iniquity Versa by Joshua S. Goldstein. Apart from all these an article by Margaret H. Darrow would also be used that was published in the American Historical Review Vol. 101, No 1 in February 1996 titled French Volunteer breast feeding and the fabrication of War Experience in WWI.All these texts would be valuable resources for find out the true impersonate of women during the First World War. Yvonne McEwen book deals with the characters that are a lot overlooked while dealing with the greater prospect of a vast incident like the First World War. These are the people who practically model behind the scene besides make tremendous contri scarcelyion to the cause but more often than not are not mentioned by academicians. Such characters are the egg-producing(prenominal) nurses of the First World War.The write presents a testimony to all those nurses of the First World War who proved to be people with amaze courage and ability to bear hardship. It is not barely the soldiers of the First World War who showed all these qualities but the designer mentions that it is the female nurses who went unsung after proving themselves to be no less dedica ted to their country and improvement than the soldiers. The sacrifices of these people are hardly written down and thus the author is instrumental in presenting to us the untold stories of the female nurses and their position in the First World War.At the said(prenominal) time the author mentions the another(prenominal) side of this profession and service where the female nurses is mobilized in a large number to make out among rival nursing service agencies. The net result often proved to be uncalled for. This is because though thither was a huge demand of female nurses in the First World War it was desirable that the female nurses participating and volunteering to serve are trained adequately. It is al about a accreditedty that collect to this mobilization in mass numbers the quality of the female nurses was diminishing.In the same scene it should also be give tongue to that this lack of practicable knowledge was often covered up by the will to serve and exploit exceedi ngly hard. However, the author indicates several accounts that show the forgiving aspects of the First World War female nurses and their position in the social order as they were viewed by the soldiers as saviors though in most cases they were only comforters at the most. entirely in a time of mass destruction and agony this was more than capable for a dying young soldier.The author narrates this aspect of the female nurses with great fixion and indulgence. (McEwen, 2006) The second text by Higonnet reveals more of personal account of the two most famous nurses from the United States, Mary Borden and Ellen N. La Motte. Their personal views of the First World War, as brought for for state of ward by the author between the same covers, shows the internal world of the female nurses during the period of the war. These are women who saw the war extremely closely and thus narrates the extremely difficult practice of military medicine under ruthless conditions.Their accounts are often haunting and both polishs the dilemma of treatment where the patient for whom the nurses work so hard would netly return to the war order either to be drink downed or to kill. At this point the text becomes real touching and humane but at the same time shows us the true position of the female nurses during the First World War. It appears that the female nurses were, in a sense, just comforting medium or toll provided by the government to restore their killing machines.It is true that this cost of war is often difficult to digest with its unsmooth realities of death and disintegrate of the human mind where most of the humane principals are drained off under unbearable circumstances. But the nurses depict their accounts not only from the point of view of observers but from a point where it appears that they are very cursing their need of healing the blood river. There is a certain point of motherhood or motherly feeling involved in their accounts.Their text not only becomes extremely important for determining the true position of the nurses during the First World War period but also presents us with humane narratives that are inspirational, thoughtful and moving. (Higonnet, 2001) Eileen Croftons The Women of Royaumont, A Scottish Womens Hospital on the Western Front is a story of a hospital in Royaumont which was within few miles from the western front during the First World War. This story also tells the account of dribble Frances Ivens who whole shebang as a surgeon in this hospital.Miss Ivens was also responsible for the set up of this fully equipped hospital to serve the wounded soldiers from the front. This is a wonderful story about the personnel of this hospital where death and pain became a regular romp during the First World War period these were the people who never loosed any hope and lead animateness with hardship and service from 1915 to the end of the war in 1919. Here we find the daily life of the female nurses with their fear and ho pe and determination.It is a interesting notion to read the parts where they are seen celebrating Christmas or other such festive moods on with their heavy schedule where doctors were allowed on about three hours of sleep collect to rush of patients. Here we find the whereabouts of the female nurses with details accounts such a number of patients during a particular proposition period of time in the middle of the war and the total number of treatments along with details of maladies along with their track down and religions. The writer makes us aware that these are personnel who worked amidst shells and gun fires and still maintained their extravagantly level of professional skills.Here we also find the aspects of humor, like the festivals or games, helped their moral to continue the harsh days of the First World War period. We also come across the diplomatic situation where the circumspection handled the matter with well formulated strategies to survive. Thus this text reveals a huge amount of details that is needful to determine the position of nurses in the First World War period. We can easily understand the senior high school position these women occupied in the minds of the patients but sadly the same was hardly true when it came to bureaucracy and government.If judged from Eileen Croftons point of view it was the outsiders who never shared the life of the nurses and failed to pay their due respect. But at the same time it is true that while evaluating the position of the female nurses during the period of the first World War it becomes certain that the elite of the society hardly paid any respects to these brave service providers even though some of the noted female nurse came from this class. However, the main concerns to the nurses were the well being of the soldiers and there they were highly prize and honored.Goldsteins text presents a different angle to the entire discussion and along with it places a very interesting point of view too. Gold stein aims at the vista that states that the impact of sexual urge difference and the significance of gender differences are most visible during the period of war. Yet controversial arguments, and the dispersion of erudition across bookworm regulations, have covered understanding of the nature of war and its implementation on the aspects of gender.According to the writer the affect war cause on gender and the gender difference affect the nature of war is common and simultaneous. To venture this mode of circumstances the author explores the aspect of war in general throughout the recital of human conflict and notes in a lively yet very authoritative manner that almost always women were excluded from direct combat situation. The write even indicates that this has been the general norm and it is applicable for all race and culture. However the author did mention and evaluated the incidents where the women fought in direct battlefield with much success.In the same context the author also mentions the nature of male complexity in the parameters of social behaviors cause mainly due to secretion of testosterone. This part is a very interesting topic as it looks upon the basic aspects of the concepts relating to the construction of femininity and masculinity under the parameters of war and particularly the First World War. To explain the issue the author illustrates the book into seven broad chapters that deals various aspects of war and the subsequent affects on women in general.The first chapter is A bemuse The Cross-Cultural Consistency of Gender Roles in War where the homogenous nature of womens position is discussed in the light of war. The second chapter is named Women Warriors The Historical Record of Female Combatants where the role of active participation is noted. The third chapter is Bodies The biota of Individual Gender where the author looks into the details of the differences between the sexes. The fourth chapter seeks the social position of women and it named Groups Bonding, Hierarchy, and Social Identity.The ordinal chapter deals with the representation of war as a means of construction of male identity and thus it is named Heroes The devising of Militarized Masculinity. The sixth chapter is named Conquests Sex, Rape, and Exploitation in Wartime and it looks into the brutal aspects of male dominance during war and thus reveals the evil affects that war causes in the ramification of the women. The last chapter concludes the entire scenario and tries to venture into the connection of women and war and thus it is named Reflections The mutualness of Gender and War.It should be mentioned that according to Goldstein the First World War included greater participation of women than in the beginning predominantly as nurses. However she points out that it is not natural for a human being to kill but during the First World War it was found that women along with men were forced to commit this act and according to the author this was a direct affect of the War. To prove the points the author presents a number of illustrations that includes drawings, graphics, photographs and connect materials from numerous scholarly texts that include diverse academic disciplines.This book by Goldstein is a unique memory access in the context of content and approach and it could well be stated that it is a fascinating book to read apart from being a book on a distinct issue that reflect much about the position of women during the WWI. (Goldstein, 2001) The article by Margaret H. Darrow titled French Volunteer Nursing and the Myth of War Experience in WWI is a true text to conclude this entire paper. This is because this article emphasizes on the aspects of the First World War and the involvement of women, particularly female nurses in it.Though it predominantly describes the details of women of France it is nevertheless reveals the position of women during the First World War and particularly about the nurses unlike Goldstein who presents the total perspective and the relation between woman and war. Darrow mentions that women were very much involved in the First World War than previous battles but it was mostly indirect in nature. She mentions that the women joined the jobs that were left behind by their men and even took active participation ministry of military affairs but maximum and direct involvement of the women in the First World War was as nurse.The author clearly mentions this and emphasize that the position of the women at this war was almost equivalent and important as that of the male doctors and it could be further stated that a huge amount of inspirations were drawn from the dedication to the service by the female nurse during the First World War. This is the most important point to be mentioned and this is what makes the involving of the female nurses relevant in the context of the First World War. (Darrow, 1996)In conclusion it should be stated that the being a part of a noble profession it was the fortune for the female nurses of the First World War to gain importance to their community and help substantially to the ultimate cause of the purpose. It is true that they were often treated badly or were not given their dues for their hard works but if we take into consideration the basic position of women in the society or the importance that they enjoyed ahead the First World War it could be a well placed statement that the First World War provided a respected position for the female nurses in the cantonment and in the society as well.

Power Versus Domination Essay Example for Free

Power Versus Domination EssayAlthough Foucaults methodology of archaeology and genealogy of knowledge endure greatly to the study of register of knowledge but contrary to general facts of social science. Foucaults archaeology and genealogy of knowledge produce outstanding works such as taradiddle of Madness and History of Sexuality. But, in fact, in theory and practice of social change there is no relation among function and domination. But on the other hand, Foucaults methodology makes us more sensitive to relation betwixt power and domination. Thus, why is obviously contradict to general fact of science.Foucault with the method of archaeology and genealogy proved that the history or so the healing of the mad in ancient times and now is downstairs the influence of power and domination. In Foucaults History of madness he tried to explain about how to heal mad people. In the past, preaching of mad people were exiled to a desert island. Meanwhile, the treatment is more human than the people made by being placed in the clinic. But because of power and domination this treatment is more restrained treatment or even torture. That why, Foucaults methodologies contribute to the history of knowledge.However, Foucaults methodologies contradict the earth of social science. the general fact of science showed that there is no relation between power and domination. In short, power is not to dominate, and domination is not to support power. Power does not obtain all aspects of life whether personal life or social. It showed by the existence of human right. The reality of social science tends to ignore the power in the world of science. For me knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent. So, Foucaults methodologies are opposed to the assumption that knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent.

Single Parent Households and Crime Essay Example for Free

Single Parent Households and Crime EssayPeople claimed that growing up in a fatherless or motherless home was the major bring forth of child poverty, delinquency, and school failure, while others denied that whizz parenthood had any harmful effects. And some objected even to discussing the topic for fear of stigmatizing single mothers or fathers and their children. non talking ab forbidden single parenthood is scarcely an option. More than half of the children born in 1994 give spend some or all of their childhood with only one parent, typically their mother. If current patterns hold, they go forth likely experience higher(prenominal) regulates of poverty, school failure, and other problems as they grow up. The long-range consequences could absorb enormous implications. (Article/consequences-single-motherhood familyinequality.wordpress) But what exactly are the consequences how large and concentrated among what groups? Do they depend on whether a single mother is widowed , divorced, or never married?Does public support for single mothers inadvertently sum up the number of women who get divorced or choose to fill a baby on their admit? Children who grow up with only one of their biological parents (nearly always the mother) are disadvantaged across a broad array of outcomes. They are twice as likely to drop out of high school, 2.5 propagation as likely to become teen mothers, and 1.4 times as likely to be idle out of school and out of work as children who grow up with both parents. Children in one-parent families also have lower grade point averages, lower college aspirations, and poorer attendance records. As adults, they have higher rates of divorce. These patterns unravel even after adjusting for differences in race, parents education, number of siblings, and residential location. (Article/consequences-single-motherhood familyinequality.wordpress)The evidence, however, does not show that family disruption is the principal cause of high scho ol failure, poverty, and delinquency. While 19 percent of all children drop out of high school, the dropout rate for children in ii-parent families is 13 percent. Thus, the dropout rate would be only 33 percent lower if all families had ii parents and the children currently living with a single parent had the same dropout rates as children living with two parents a highly improbable assumption. (Article/consequences-single-motherhood familyinequality.wordpress ) Family disruption also undermines childrens access to community resources or what sociologist James Coleman calls affable capital.Divorce and remarriage often precipitate moves out of a community, disrupting childrens relationships with peers, teachers, and other adults. During middle childhood and early adolescence, a child in a stable family experiences, on average, 1.4 moves. The average child in a single-parent family experiences 2.7 moves in a stepfamily, the average child experiences 3.4 moves. (ejournal.narotama.a c.id/files/DeMuthandBrownJRCD) So all this information provided, I agree that children growing in a single parent household, and a child having family disruptions, does impact delinquency within in juveniles Im not saying its a 100% guarantee a child exit fall into delinquency because of one parent households, Im just agreeing that the possibility is a higher risk.

Theory Analysis Essay Example for Free

Theory Analysis EssayThe ultimate end of possible action evaluation is to determine the potential of the opening to scientific knowledge.HardyTheory evaluationo meaty and formal adequacyoOperational and empirical adequacyoTestabilityoGeneralityoContribution to understandingoPredictabilityoPragmatic adequacyLogical adequacy (diagramming) identifying both theoretical terms (concepts, constructs, operational definitions, referents).Theory is a set of interrelated concepts and statementsEmprical adequacy- single most all important(predicate) criterion for evaluating a theory applied in practice.Margaret EllisIdentified peculiar(prenominal)s of monumental theoriesScopeComplexityTestability expediencyImplicit values of the theoristInformation generationMeaningful terminologyChoose both of the theory evaluation approaches that are discussed in chapter 5 of McEwen. Locate the original sources of these two theorists some articles are in Course Resources for you. Compare and c ontrast the strategies that they advocate for theory evaluation. What commonalities do you see? How do the two approaches discord? Could you use a synthesized version of the two approaches? Share your insights with your group under Analytic approaches topic. All postings delinquent by 10/12. I chose to compare and contrast the theory evaluation approaches of Rosemary Ellis and Margaret E. Hardy. Ellis uses various characteristics much(prenominal) as scope, complexity, testability, usefulness, implicit values, information generation and meaningful terminology to identify the significance of nursing theory (Ellis, 1968).Hardy on the other hand, has a different set of criterion for evaluation theory meaningful and logical adequacy, operations and empirical adequacy, testability, normality, contribution to understanding, predictability and pragmatic adequacy (Hardy, 1973). I noticed much similarities than differences in the two theory evaluation approaches. The first similarity I n oted was that both theorists referred to hypothesis as a defining component of the development of a theory. Ellis states that theories are insignificant if they do not succumb a hypothesis of some sort (Ellis, 1968). Hardy states that a theory is made up of hypothesis derived from axioms, initial hypothesis or postulates (Hardy, 1973). The second similarity I rig between both theorists was the characteristic of usefulness as a prime characteristic for the significance of a theory. Ellis states that theories are not considered significant if their usefulness is not explored to develop and guide practice (Ellis, 1968).Similarly, Hardy has a characteristic of pragmatic adequacy, which is basically the usefulness of a theory (Hardy, 1973). The third similarity I found was the characteristic of information generation used in both theory evaluation approaches. Ellis states that significant theories are capable of generating a vast deal of new information (Ellis, 1968). Hardys characte ristic of contribution to understanding is similar in that it explores new ideas, insight, and different ways of looking at the theory (Hardy, 1973). The last similarity I found was the shared characteristic of generality and scope. Ellis states that the broader the scope of the theory, the greater the significance of the theory (Ellis, 1968). Similarly, Hardy believes the more general a theory is the more useful it is (Hardy, 1973).I noticed a few differences between the two theorists. The first difference I noted was their views on the testability of a theory. While Ellis lists testability as a characteristic, she does not require it to be significant to the evaluation of the theory. She goes so far as to say that testability could be sacrificed for scope, complexity, and clinical usefulness (Ellis, 1968). On the contrary, Hardy lists testability as an important attribute to evaluating a theory, and goes into further detail on how to measure the theory.The most obvious difference between the two approaches is the contrasting characteristics listed to evaluate the theory. Hardy lists logical adequacy, operational/empirical adequacy and predictability, while Ellis lists complexity, and implicit values of the theorist. I do think that at that place could be a synthesized version of the two approaches since they do share more similarities than differences. I would chose Margaret Hardys approach over Rosemary Elliss, due to the detailed characteristics listed in her evaluation method. I felt her points were more concise, and worked well together as a criterion for evaluating a theory.ReferencesEllis, R. (1968). Characteristics Of Significant Theories. Theory Development in Nursing, 17(3), 217-222. Hardy, M. (1973). Theories Components, Development, Evaluation. Theoretical Foundations for Nursing, 23(2), 100-106.

A Raisin In The Sun Essay Example for Free

A Raisin In The Sun EssayIn my opinion, the most prevalent theme in, A Raisin in the Sun is the real meaning of money because all of the family members have dreams that require money in order for them to be sueed.Walter is always trying to get money to open up a pot liquor store and believes that the only way he can be a successful man is if he reaches this goal. Throughout the book, Walter is envious of wealthy people and is somewhat embarrassed of his c atomic number 18er of a chauffeur. He would same for his son to have a better keep and wants him to have everything that he could ever want. While public lecture to mammary gland in the book, Walter states, Mama, sometimes when Im downtown and I pass by them cool, quiet-looking counterweightaurants where them bloodless boys are sitting back and talking encounter things, turning deals worth millions of dollars, sometimes I touch guys dont look much older than me. ( knave 73) Walter pays so much attention to these gamy albumin boys and this causes him to not measure what he has, he practiced always wants more than. Walter believes that if Mama gives him the money to invest in a liquor store then he will be successful. Mama doesnt infer why Walter is so focused on money and she asks him, Son-how come you talk so much bout money? Walter replies, Because it is livelihood, Mama (page 74)Mama doesnt see money as such a bigger necessity in life and believes more in family, love and faith. She tries to extract Walter and Beneatha that not everything in life is about being wealthy and having money. For example, after Walter tells Mama that he thinks that money is life on page 74, she says, Oh-So directly its life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life- now its money. I guess the world really do change (page 74) Mama is trying to hear Walter not to be so materialistic. She wants him to focus on other aspects of life that Walter just cant seem to understand.Also, when Mama says how the world is changing, she is talking about how money has a negative influence on the people of that time and how sad it is that moneyis such a necessity. During the conversation between Mama and Walter, Mama sys, You something new, boy. In my time we was worried about not being lynched and getting to the North if we could and how to stay liveborn and still have a pinch of dignity too (page 74) Mama is talking about how Walter should appreciate his freedom and how in her time, they had to fight for their freedom and could care less about money.Beneatha doesnt seem to show as much interest in money until she realizes that all of her familys money is one. In the etymon of the book, Beneatha is kind of the outcast of the family because she doesnt seem too concerned about the money and has different views than the rest of the family. For example, Beneatha and Ruth had a conversation about why Beneatha wont marry George and Beneatha says, Oh, I just mean I couldnt ever really be se rious with George. Hes- hes so shallow. Ruth replies, Shallow- what do you mean hes shallow? Hes rich Beneatha then says, I know hes rich. He knows hes rich too. (page 48-49) Beneatha wants more from a man than money, she has more depth than that. She is an independent woman and refuses to marry someone just because they are wealthy.In the beginning, Beneatha isnt too focused on money however, she comes to the realization that in order to fulfill her dream of being a doctor, she needs money for medical school. When Walter lost all of the familys money, dilapidation any chance of Beneatha becoming a doctor she tells Asagai, Asagai, while I was sleeping in that manage there, people went out and took the future right out of my hands And nobody asked me, nobody consulted me- they just went and changed my life (page 134)

Foreign Literature Essay Example for Free

Foreign Literature EssayLast night I was at the presentation of the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize, at the National Portrait Gallery, where a young Angolan writer, Jos Eduardo Agualusa, was announced the 2007 winner for his novel The Book of Chameleons, translated from the Portuguese by Daniel Hahn. Set in contemporary Angola, the prevail is particularly notable for being narrated by a lizard. The judges this year were the poet David Constantine, writer and editor Jennie Erdal, arts Council Literature officer Kate Griffin, novelist Ali Smith and the literary editor of the Independent, Boyd Tonkin. Admirably the prize is sh ared between the spokesperson and author, thus honouring an art that often goes unsung. The book was evidently a popular choice and Agualusa received his awarding in person, accompanied by whoops and cheers. Tonkin extols the prize as a unique bridge between writers overseas and readers at home. As thrilled as I was that this talented newcomer beat such literary heavyweights as Ismail Kadare and Javier Maras, however, I was even more delighted that the award honours a elflike literary publisher, Arcadia, who recently celebrated their 10th anniversary.The commit team at Arcadia are worthy recipients of this prestigious award, not just for bringing this imaginative young writer to an English readership, but overall for their championing of heathenish diversity and for widening our literary choice 50% of their 2007 lists are books in translation. Given the effects of globalisation elsewhere, it seems astonishing that we dont translate more foreign literature in this country. Apparently, translated legend accounts for only 3% of fiction sales in the UK, compared with 30-40% in France or Spain. The British are voracious readers, so why are we so insular?Dont we welcome unusual voices and different perspectives? How can we exert pressure on publishers to let out more translated fiction? For those interested in foreign literature , an excellent resource is Words Without Borders, an online magazine dedicated to promoting international exchange through translation and publishing works/extracts on the web. And if youd like to see Jos Eduardo Agualusa and Daniel Hahn, theyll be reading from The Book of Chameleons this evening at Foyles bookshop, London, 6.30pm 8.30pm.

Research and Account Essay Example for Free

Research and Account Essay give nonice (of) One Old Deanery worry al-QaidaOne staff member has been sacked and seven suspended from one of Englands largest care homes after an undercoer probe by BBC Panorama found unretentive care. The filming at the Old Deanery in Essex showed some residents being taunted, roughly handled and one was slapped. The home said it was shocked and saddened by the allegations. Care curate Norman Lamb described the images as absolutely disgusting and said there could be a role for the use of CCTV in care homes. Care Quality Commission figures seen by the BBC show over a third of homes that received warning notices since 2011 still do not meet basic standards. Allegations of poor care and mistreatment at the 93-bed home in Braintree, where residents pay roughly 700 per week, were first raised by 11 whistle-blowers in August 2012.see moreidentify sketchs into serious troublesEssex County Council put it on special measures for ternion months unti l concerns were addressed. But secret filming by Panoramas undercover reporter over 36 shifts found galore(postnominal) of the same sorts of issues reported a year earlier, including a woman slapped by a care histrion who had previously been complained about for her poor attitude towards residents the same woman, who has dementia and is partially paralysed after a stroke, was as well repeatedly mocked and taunted by other care workers cries for assistance from a resident suffering a rod illness ignored as she sought help for the toilet, and her call bell for assistance left unplugged on one occasion a resident bed-ridden with a chronic illness left lying in his own excrement after two care workers turned off his call bell without assisting himReport Two Winterbourne view care homeThe 11 defendants nine turn out workers and two nurses admitted 38 charges of both neglect or ill-treatment of five people with severe learning difficulties after being secretly enter by a reporter for the BBCs Panorama programme They were filmed slapping extremely vulnerable residents, soakage them in water, trapping them under chairs, taunting and swearing at them, pulling their hair and poking their eyes. whistle blower Terry Bryan,a former nurse at the home, contacted the BBC after his warnings were ignored by Castlebeck Ltd, which owned the hospital, and care watchdogs. Hours of graphic footage recorded during a five-week, undercover BBC investigation in February and March last year, showed one support worker, Wayne Rogers, telling a resident Do you want me to get a cheese grater and grate your brass off? Do you want me to turn you into a giant pepperoni?Rogers slapped another resident across the cheek, maxim Do you want a scrap? Do you want a fight? Go on and I will bite your bloody face off. His colleague Alison dove was recorded saying a resident loved pain, then saying to the resident Simone, come here and Ill punch your face. Dove threatened another resident wh en she broke a window in the lounge with a chair. She was recorded snarling Listen, in future Im going to let you sit on the fucking floor, cos you dont deserve a chair.On another occasion, Dove, Graham Doyle and Holly Draper restrained a female resident as a 4th member of staff, Sookalingum Appoo, forced a paracetamol tablet into her mouth. Later, during the same incident, Doyle put on a mock-German accent and, mimicking a Nazi guard, slapped the resident over the head with his gloves shouting Nein, nein, nein, nein. The Panorama investigation, which was screened in May 2011, led to a serious graphic symbol review two months later, which criticised Darlington-based Castlebeck Ltd for putting profits before humanity.These reports show that safeguarding of the individuals involved should concur been enforced. The failings to do with this incident could have been due to the fact that the care homes wereunder staffedover workedlanguage barriersnot had up-to-date trainingtrained in d ementiaa better approach to safeguarding across agenciesa better system for flagging concerns and referralsbetter information sharingA most recent report from CQC on 1st April 2014 showsthat overall, providing care, treatment and support that meets peoples needs and staffing, required improvement. The Old Deanery also had a CQC report from June 2012 which showed staffing problems and when residents pressed their bells in their rooms, they were waiting a long time until they were attended to. This shows that these issues were not addressed. as well as the staff employed at The Old Deanery care home ignored or failed to deal the individuals rights and need for protection. There was poor communication, planning, coordination and thoughtlessness which left each individual in an abusive and mordacious situation.The government review found as well as reports from the police, the CQC and the local NHS drew the following conclusions, to Winterbourne Views casePatients stayed at winerbour ne view for too long and were too far from home- the average length of stay was 19 months. Almost half of patients were more than 40 miles away from, where their family or primary careers lived. There was extremely blue rate of physical intervention- well over 500 reported cases of restraint in a xv month period. Multiple agencies failed to pick up on key warning signs-nearly 150 separate incidents- including AE visits by patients,police attendance at the hospital, and safeguarding concerns reported to the local council- which could and should have raised the alarm. There was clear management failure at the hospital- with no registered manager in place, substandard recruitment processes and limited staff training. A unappealing and punitive culture had developed- families and other visitors were not allowed access to the top floor wards and patient bedrooms, offering lilliputian chance for outsiders to see daily routines at the hospital.

Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts: Types and Characteristics

Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts Types and Characteristics excerption of one behavior form is dependent not only on its ability to search and go for available life sustaining resources but besides upon its healthy competition for various such requisites with former(a) life forms snuff iting to either the same or divers(prenominal) species. To facilitate this, different life forms seduce evolved with special(prenominal) assets of abilities to exist, lock and exhibit a tendency to prolife post so as to flag their dominance on ecological niche. Scientific communities at times be amazed by the kinds of interaction in which different life forms co-exist with each other and besides with the surroundings. In seed downs, interaction science has emerged as a major(ip) bea of research which deals with investigating and studying such phenomena in detail, their mechanism, reasoning for interactions of localise with plant, animals, and/or micro-organism. onto agentsis of a new spe cies from an actual ancestral mob assures adaptation to new and more(prenominal) efficient modes of existence, wherein littleer inputs are invested for more possible benefits. One such example is the parasitic plants or epiphytes.Parasitic plants symbolise 19 families in angiosperms and even off to some 4,100 species (Nickrent. and Musselman, 2004). Among these with various parasitic habits, false mistletoes are well known as perrenial, polyphyletic group of angiospermic aerial plant parazoans (Devkota, 2005) soiling generally force stem and/or emergencees, and belong to families, Viscaceae and Loranthaceae.Mistletoes are considered as an important component of biodiversity (Watson, 2001 Shaw et al., 2004), and submit been appraised not only due to their unique parasitic kinship with their respective multitudes, their harvest-festival habits, mechanism of author diffusion but also be get along of their miraculous medicative value which includes their use as sympat hetic medicine to take down abnormal tissue growth to a cut place tooshiecer (Kunwar et al.2005).They are predominantly known to occur on output channelises. Mistletoes are characterised by the victimization of a root like absorptive organ called haustorium which forms the armament parasite interface and draws nutritiouss from the phalanx conductive tissues to the parasite (Devkota, 2005).Dendrophthoe falcata is a hemi-parasitic plant belong to the Loranthaceae mistletoes and is considered as the commonest of all other mistletoes widely occurring in India (Parker acnd Westwood, 2009). The genus Dendrophthoe comprises of about 31 species spread across tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia (Flora of China, 2003) among which 7 species are found in India. The sp. falcata has its wait in India since ancient times and has been in use as traditional folklore medication for various ailments. though a parasite incurring huge losses to commercial fruit and timer production, it is c onsidered and welcomed as a sacred sign of prosperity in few states of rural India. Well globally, much of the advanced scientific investigations have centered on other mistletoes such as Orobanche, genus Viscum etc. These studies have aimed towards concord the parasite behaviour, sap flow dynamics at the server parasite interface, chemical compositions of floral organs, aim successful control strategies, evaluating medicinal strengths etc.The present review will focus on the existing literature earlier attempts aiming study of various scientific aspects associated with D.falcata. The review advantageously outlines the variety of studies performed revolving around the boniface-parasite kinship, sound structure and geographical distribution, and studies aiming towards in vitro establishment and attempts towards scientific justification of the ethno-medicinal properties, and various existing and possible control strategies for this mistletoe family member.Morphology and bioge ographyEvolutionarily, mistletoes belonging to Loranthaceae are considered older than those of Viscaceae and ever since their origin from wooden-headed Gondwanan forests they have successfully encompassed tropics, subtropics and arid portions on the globe through their nutritional competition-driven conquests (Devkota et al, 2005). Notes on floral sound structure and embryology in D.falcata have been provided by Singh (1952).D.falcata bears grey barks, thick coriaceous leaves variable in shape with inflexible flowers (Wealth of India. 2002). The flowering inflorescences in D.falcata was frontly referred to as axillary or as developing on the scars of fall leaves, but Y.P.S Pundir (1996) verified it to be of strictly cauliflorous nature and also notified that it shares fundamental similarity to that of Ficus glomerata, F. pomifera and F. hispida.deuce of its varieties are widespread in India namely, var. falcata (Honey Suckled Mistletoe) and var. Coccinea (Red Honey Suckled Mistl etoe) distinguished by occurrence of ashen and red flowering, respectively (Flowers of India, a World Wide Web resource). A comprehensive refer of intimately all the species within the genus Dendrophthoe can be availed (from web source at http//www.naturekind.org/taxpage/0/binomial/Dendrophthoe_falcata).Haustorial polymorphism, toss copyry, explosive flowering, fruit adhesive pulp etc.Singh, B., 1952. A contribution to the floral morphology and embryology of Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh. Jour. Linn. Soc., Lond., 53, 449.Dendrophthoe homoplastica (mistle- toe) mimic those of its common host, Eucalyptus shirleyi. (Robert L. Mathiasen, David C. Shaw, Daniel L. Nickrent, David M. Watson,2008 Plant Disease / Vol. 92 No. 7)Hosts and host-parasite relationshipsMistletoes occur mostly on forest, fruit and ornamental host manoeuvres preferentially harboring zones rich in biodiversity and thus are found excessively on mountain ridges provided with favorably optimum light intens ities and in few in slopes and plains (Devkota, 2005 and references therein). Mistletoes do not hunt a uniform pattern of distribution which is affected by local environments and feated by habits of seed dispersing avian visitors.Host vomitEarliest, B.Singh (1962) report that the turn overy mistletoe D.falcata is parasitic on over three hundred hosts in India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. Indias rich plant biodiversity in 1977 could report exclusive host range numbering 345 plants susceptible to transmitting from this mistletoe (Siva Sarma and Vijayalakshmi 1977) which is a significant number as it contributes to its comparatively recent global record for 401 hosts (Shaw 1993). Till date, D.falcata represents the only known mistletoe with the largest global host range (Calvin and Wilson, 2009) which is continuously and rapidly widening.HaustoriaMistleoes are known to form haustorial structures at the point of bond to the host.Among angiosperms, parasitic relationship through the formation of haustorial linkages is known to be widespread (Wilson and Calvin, 2006). In general, haustorial connections among 72 (of the 75) ariel parasitic genera whitethorn belong to either of the four types viz., epicortical roots (ERs), clasping unions, wood roses, and bark strands (Calvin and Wilson, 1998). ERs may run along the host branches in either direction forming haustorial structures at variable intervals while unions occur as single points of attachment of singular parasites hence pronounced as cave dweller. In D,falcata on different hosts two of the haustorial kinds have been observed viz., solitary unions as on Sugar apple (Annona squamosa), and epicortical roots as on sugar apple (Achras sapota), yellow cattley guava (Psidium guajava), pomegranate (Punica granatum) have been observed. It is unknown about what factors decide formation of different haustorial types by the tossy mistletoe on different hosts.The host branches infected with D.falcata show a gradual step-down in growth and diameter as compared to other healthy sporting branches (Karunaichamy et al, 1999).It has also been reported that the development of mistletoe plants on the host shoetree is a dynamic process which necessarily leads to the death of the host tree and that the full process may last for about a decade (Karunaichamy et al, 1999). It is known that mistletoes have uplifted nutritive titer than their host (Lamont, 1983 Karunaichamy et al, 1993) and this could probably be attributed to a competitively high urine (including dissolved nutrient and growth promoting metabolite) uptake rate by the parasite at its haustorium at a point in the host branch in comparison to that in the protruding afteral ends of the branch (that extends after the haustorium). This powerfulness render key nutrients be unavailable to the host branches that could repress growth post-infection (Stewart and Press, 1990). But in work by Karunaichamy et al (1999) one D.falcata seed per stem of Azadirachta indica seedling has been tested which has shown the life threatening effect on whole plant which once again itself is at an im get on seedling stage (so death of the whole plant could be expected). In a broad sense, physiological and metabolic perturbations bring forth by the parasite in the whole host plant outlined at the seedling stage surmised by the reduced host leaf area, leaf number, growth performance upon infection cannot be correlated to that in a fully mature host.(statement in bold italics) could be justified by that there may be an increment in the probability of multiple mistletoe seed dispersals or extended reach of haustorial structures to other branches of the same tree (as we saw in Guava) that might possibly lead to a gradual depletion of key metabolites (thereby lowering an meaty threshold titer for the same) required for growth of the host plant altogether. Alternatively though unknown, it might also be possible or s till unknown if the hemi-parasites dissipate each unknown metabolite in to the host xylem at the point of anchor formation that may inhibit growth and metabolism in the hosts axillary meristems and the whole host plant life may only be at stake if such inhibitory effects are perceived by all plant parts. This again is contradictory hypothesis as evident from fact that the haustorial connections of the parasite with the plant are devoid of any retranslocation system (Smith and Stewart, 1990, also see later).Once more, a report by Sridhar and Rama Rao (1978) unraveled the infection of D.falcata surprisingly hosting itself flat on the fruit (Table 1) of Acharas sapota (Sapota). Almost all the hemi-parasitic members of the Loranthaceae tap the xylem vessels of their host to avail water and minerals but to a considerable extent produce their own supply of assimilates (Kuijt, 1969). D.falcata does not have an endemic rooting system and is dependent on the host for water and minerals. N utrient dynamics have shown that a higher titre of N, P , K, Mg and Na in the leaves of mistletoe than the leaves of uninfected and infected hosts which may be due to differential translocation of elements within the host phloem (Prakash et al, 1967 Karunaichamy et al, 1999). Nitrogen loss is well pronounced in mistletoe infected hosts and a higher potassium takes in mistletoe is an indicative of higher transpiration rates and a lack of re-translocation system (Karunaichamy et al, 1999 and references therein). Though outlined supra that the total phosphorous in mistletoe leaves is present in excess as compared to that the host leaves, fractionation studies have elucidated that percentage acid-insoluble phosphate is comparatively lesser in the parasite and also that further fractionation again infers a lower percentage of phospholipid, RNA, DNA and phosphoproteins. The DNA content of the infected host leaves however demonstrate a outstanding increase compared to the healthy uninfec ted leaves (Prakash et al, 1967).Mistletoes are believed to mimic their hosts in floral structures. At some pillow slip it was supported by a hypothesis which explains that such behaviour imparts protection to the mistletoe from the herbivores. Later, the hypothesis was compass tested, rejected and replaced by a belief that a host parasite resemblance might assist to safeguard hosts individual fitness by signaling the sibilations to expel mistletoe seeds on other uninfected hosts (Atsatt, 1979). Moreover, the hosts and parasite follow individual developmental scheduling of events under which the parasite might experience an deviate from a firm epigenetic hormonal control on leaf size and shape thus evolving the burlesque or resemblance to the host().List of hostsLoranthaceous parasites were known in India since 1885 and until then only 35 species were known. Specifically for D.falcata from among the soonest of the reports, 268 host species have been known to be under the clut ch of the deadly semiparasite (Ravindranath and Narsimha Rao, 1959), and shortly later B.Singh (1962) reported its parasitic relation with over 300 hosts reported in India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. Until 1993, a report by Shaw III depicts a global increase of host range to 401. In Indian tropics 37 species of tree have been reported as the favourite hosts for D.falcata (Ghosh et al., 2002). Due to the ever increase host range (Sridhar and Rama Rao, 1978) currently it is difficult to draw a margin between the more and less common host genera.Vectors for seed dispersal and pollinationSeed dispersal as well as pollination is ordinarily mediated by the birds that thrive on fruits from the parasite and/or host. Particularly in southern India, Tickels Flowerpecker which is also named as Pale-billed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum erythrohynchos, Latham) is reported to facilitate seed dispersal of D. falcata among Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. belonging to Meliaceae) t hrough fecal excretions or regurgitations (Karunaichamy et al, 1999 Hambali, 1977 and references therein). The mistletoe bird also eats insects and therefore has a corrasion gizzard. When eating the mistletoe berry the bird is able to close the gizzard and the toxic seeds are usually swallowed as a whole and are shunt through their gut in about 3-4 little (Murphy et al., 1993) and because the seed has a sticky coating, to get rid of the seed the bird applies its vent to the edges of the host tree branches and may turn around whereby the seed then sticks onto the branch where it may subsequently germinate (Ali, 1931 Ali 1932 Davidar, 1985). These birds also act as transmitters for pollination in the hemi-parasite whose flowers bear a mechanism that causes pollen to explosively spray on the plumage of the visiting flowerpeckers (Karunaichamy et al., 1999 Vidal-Russell and Nickrent, 2008). Studies conducted in the higher altitudes of Western Ghats (where both the mistletoes and the f lowerpeckers occur predominantly), which parallel the western shore of India infer that the flowerpecker pollinated mistletoes have specially developed feature specialized to attract a unique vector both to facilitate pollination and seed dispersal the fruit and flowers have similar resemblance and more significantly, the fruiting time overlap with the next flowering season (Davidar, 1983). Hair-crested Drongo or Spangled Drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus) is an Asian bird of the family Dicruridae and sunbirds (family=Nectariniidae) also known to feed on the nectar from the D.falcata flowers also adds to the list of pollinators to this mistletoe (Kunwar et al, 2005 and references therein).PhytochemistryResults for the preliminary tests in phytochemical screening analyses using ethanolic extract of the whole plant reports the aim of carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, tannins phenolic compounds, flavonoids and triterpenes (Sahu et al, 2010). Chromatography of D.falcata fruits has re cently added new members to the list of naturally occurring terpenes which has taxonomically been considered significant (Mallavadhani et al., 2006). Total phenolics in mistletoe have a comparatively higher concentration but it failed to correlate to any granting immunity by the host or its susceptibility to infection by the hemiparaste (Khanna et al,, 1968). Later a phenolic inhibitor of the enzyme a-glucan phosphorylase was reported ((Khanna et al,, 1971).A study by Ramchandra and coworkers (2005) indicated that an elevated antioxidant potential in the mistletoe is due to sequestration of phenolic compounds from the host plants. Their HPTLC data on samples from mistletoe hosted on Mangifera indica (Mango), reportedly contained mangiferin, a C-glucosyl xanthone synthesized by the host plant. The report raises query concerning further investigations for whether the transfer of phenolics to the hemi-parasite indicates a preliminary host mediated defense or a mode of host identificat ion by the parasite or as a mechanism from within the parasite to bypass rejection from the host plant.In mature seed embryo 0.65 mg chlorophyll/g fresh wt chlorophyll a b ratio of 1.6 per mg chlorophyll has been evidenced. Moreover, in context to titre of enzymes for photorespiration, phosphoglycolate activity in the embryo has been record to be 16.7 mol substrate/min and 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase activity 6.8 mol substrate/min. Similarly, NADH-linked glyoxylate reductase activity has been demonstrated in the embryo (0.09 mol substrate/min/g fresh wt) by Kachru, and Krishnan (1979). Chroamatography of the ethanolic extract followed by proton magnetic resonance and Mass spectrometry could isolate and identify Quercitin, a rhamnoside (Shihab et al, 2006). Hexokinase has been partially isolated and studied for its properties from D.falata leaves (Baijal and Sanwal, 1976).In a comparative evaluation of this parasitic plant grown on various host plants, Nair et al.10) reported the hookup of kaempferol, quercetin, myrecitin, and their glycosides.Medicinal PropertiesD.falcata possesses remarkable potentials as a medicinal plant evident from the wound healing, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, antinociceptive properties of its ethanolic extracts (Pattanayak and Sunita, 2008, Shihab et al, 2006). Medicinal properties of this hemiparasite may vary in effects respective to different hosts it establishes a relation with (Mallavadhani et al., 2006).The whole plant is used in indigenous system of medicine as cooling, bitter, astringent, aphrodisiac, narcotic and diuretic (Alekutty e al., 1993) and is utilizable in treating pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, menstrual disorders, swelling wounds, ulcers, renal and vesical calculi and vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta (Anarthe et al., 20081 Anarthe et al, 2010 Sastry, 1952 Pattanayak et al., 2008 ). Also, the decoction of plant used by women as an anti-fertility agent has been evidenced to possess anticancer activity (N adkarni, 1993). The leaf ethanolic extract significantly and back breaker dependently inhibits the acetic acid induced writhing in mice (Shihab et al, 2006) and has indicated a low level perniciousness in the brine shrimp lethality assays. Besides, a more recent work by Pattanayak and Mazumder (2010) shows significant tumor reduction in induced mammary carcinogenesis in Wistar female rats when fed with hydroalcoholic extracts of D. falcata.Ethno-medicinal aspectsEthnomedical studies are generally characterized by a strong anthropological and/or biomedical approach and in this context the use of D.falcata as a traditioal remedy for most if not all the ailments has been well appraised. Perhaps, the variety of knowledge available has not merely been exploited full fledgedly due to the currently over-recommended chemial analogs that are predominant over market most of which have side-effects associated under frequent use.In vitro regeneration and gene introgression studiesIt is known that long term caulogensis from the endosperm tissue exhibits a high degree of polyploidisation of its cells associated with abnormalities such as chromosome bridges and lagging chromosomes but mistletoe endosperms have exceptional stability in their chromosome number (Razdan, 2003).In the past, in vitro studies aiming towards investigating behavior of mature embryos have been reported in D.falcata (Johri and Bajaj, 1962). The effects of light, endosperm, endosperm extract, and position of the embryo on media have been studied on in vitro germination of D.falcata (Bajaj, 1968). Shoot induction has been successfully achieved in D.falcata (Bhojwani and Razdan, 1983). Shoot buds in Loranthaceae directly differentiate from the circumferential cells of the endosperm cultures though D.falcata may particularly require media supplemented with a combination of cytokinins and a low concentration of indoleacetic acid or IBA. Among other cytokinins, 2-ip has been most effective and also addi tion of Casein hydrolysate (2000mg/l) has been necessarily recommended for shoot bud differentiation. For optimal shoot bud growth frequent subcultutres on fresh media is crucial. Caulogenesis from these shoot buds may be followed by differentiation into shoot and haustoria. The latter could be avoided by increased kinetin concentration and for such kinetin induced shoot bud differentiation, a low concentration of auxin (IAA or IBA) is necessary (Nag and Johri, 1971).Ready to use tissue culture strategies have been discussed by a review article by Pattanayak and Mazumder (2008).Advanced molecular level studies are surprisingly lacking for D.falcata with only single report where tests for amenability of this plant in gene introgression studies have been investigated via successful agrobacterium mediated transformation of its embryogenic cultures for GUS expression (Rohini et al, 2005).Diseases of D.falcataVery little is known about diseases that victimize this hemiparasitc plant. The pathogen species that have been reported in association are generally known to commonly infect a wide range of plants off genera. There are realizations that propose that mistletoe specific pathogens are rare and develop endemism and be localized to favorably optimized areas where their growth requisites and nutritional demands are inline with the host mistletoe species and their host nutrient and sap flow dynamics.FungalThe hemi-parasite itself is susceptible to diseases such as leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum state of Glomerella cingulata which has been reported on D.falcata which seriously infects Teak (Tectona grandis) plantations (Ali and Florence, 1987) in Kerala, India.EpiparasitismPlant A surprising evidence of hyper-parasitism has been reported in the Mohand Range Forest (Dehradun, India) where D.falcata itself receives haustoria from Scurrula cordifolia (another(prenominal) mistletoe), both hosted together by Ougeinia oojeinensis (fabaceae) (Pundir, 1979). Similaly, Viscum orientale (Viscaceae) has also been reported to grow on D.falcata (Saxena, 1971). In another instance Cuscuta reflexa (Convolvulaceae) has been shown to act as a rival to the leafy mistletoe (Nath and Indira, 1975). Viscum capitellatum. Sm has also been evidenced from Sri Lanka to be an have got epiparasite for D.falcata (Calvin and Wilson, 2009) and symplastic continuity exists between their phloem (Glatzel and Balasubramaniam, 1987) which is an indicative of the aggressive epiparasitism depicted more vividly by the presence of graft-resembling unions. Viscum loranthi Elmer, thus has been advocated to have potentials for biological control of Loranthaceae hemiparasites (Pundir, 1981) damaging commercial timber crops. Well, other species such as D.glabrata has also been reported to be parasitized by Viscum articulatum (Robert L. Mathiasen, David C. Shaw, Daniel L. Nickrent, David M. Watson,2008 Plant Disease / Vol. 92 No. 7). On the whole, 88% of Viscaceae and 61% Loranthace ae epiparasitize Loranthaceae (Calvin and Wilson, 2009).Hyperparasitism in Other mistletoes in the same genusNotothixos subaureus (Viscaceae), parasitic on Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Loranthaceae) on Eucalyptus (source http//www.panoramio.com/photo/1876445)InsectsRecently, Cockerell Scale insects, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli Cooley (Diaspididae) have been reported to jog on the leaves, stems and haustoria of D.falcata parasitizing Senna siamea (unpublished communication). These scale insects are known to thrive on sap nutrients and their reproduction and hence their proliferation rate has depicted relation with the due north status of the host. Well in this regard mistletoe particularly D.F indicates a favorable excerption as their nutrient uptake seems more biased towards drawing more nitrogen rich species from the host sap. The host S.siamea, though is a non-nodulating leguminous tree specie but can produce more nitrogen than the nodulating relatives.Controlling the parasiteBacke d by easy seed dispersal by fruit eating birds, widespread and ever increasing host range of Dendrophthoe falcata continues to pose unvoiced losses in economically valuable fruit trees and those with medicinal properties whether growing in forests, orchards or gardens (Sridhar and Rama Rao, 1978). sizable tree hosts can tolerate few branch attachments with mistletoes but a heavily infected host slowly moves towards its decline as the mistletoe feeds upon its nutrients and spreads on all its ariel parts (Aly, 2007). Hosts death is more presumable when they become more prone to other forms of biotic ad abiotic stresses.Reports from 1930s evidence that until then no proper control and eradication methods were available rather the only alternative used was excising off the parasite (before seed production) completely from below the point of infection in the host and their immediate incineration (Sridhar and Rama Rao, 1978).Mechanical trim of the infected host branches with cuts at le ast one foot below the point of mistletoe attachment in order to completely remove embedded haustoria has also been suggested as a method of choice but severe heading (topping) which is often used to remove voiceless tree infestations weakens the host tree structure. Instead, it is best to remove severely infested trees entirely because they are usually a source of mistletoe seeds. another(prenominal) method employed when mechanical pruning gives up upon mistletoe infection uses painting the infected area using a pruning paint or spray and wrapping it with layers of opaque pol hithertohylene sink in so as to restrict light source required by this leafy mistletoe. In another method, use of ethephon (a growth regulator) in form of spray to completely wet leaves of mistletoe harboring dormant host trees is recommended (Aly, 2007). Regrowth of the parasite may be prevented by pruning it and painting the spot in the host branch (Koski et al., 2009).Lately, adopted method of control use s application of 50% diesel oil emulsion sprayed on mistletoe leaves. The said morbid effect of emulsion significantly increases the intra-molecular respiration rates in the leaves followed by a gradual decline in capacity of stomatal closure consequently leading to death of the hemiparasite (Singh and Sharma., 1970).Delias eucharis, a medium sized pierid butterfly (Common Jezebel) commonly occurs in South and South-East Asia (Bingham, 1907) and is particularly known to lay its eggs and feed on leaves of mistletoes (Roychoudhury, 2005) and has been suggested in its use to control the parasitic mistletoes (Sevastopulo, 1950, Mushtaque and Baloch 1979).Alternatively, resistance to D.falcata using herbicide (metribuzin) infusion of its host, Tectona grandis (Teak) has also been tested but is of extra help as the efficiency of parasite killing was not proportional to the amount of herbicide used which is required to cypher exact dosage and infusion time for multiple of infection on on e host (Balasundaran and Ali, 1989).In one of the papers from the proceedings of the 6th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society conference, G.G. Hambali (1977) has discussed beside other uses the exploitaton of scolytid and cerambycid beetles in compulsory Dendrophthoe spp. Several similar or other control alternatives have been suggested by Khan et al. (1987).Approaches as highlighted above towards control of parasitic colas by traditional methods are limitedly effective and best control via herbicides and fumigants may be hazardous to Mother Nature (Jacobsohn 1994).Removal of mistletoe by hand is effective considerably under small degrees of infection but extensive infestation might render this approach as inevitably expensive (Aly, 2007) and cumbersome more particularly when the infestation spans large tree plantations or dense forests.Replacing the infected plantations with resistant trees has also been a method of choice. Though not reported yet specifically for D.falcata, resist ance for broadleaf mistletoe (Phoradendron macrophyllum) was evidenced in some tree species viz., pear, Chinese pistachio, crapemyrtle, ginkgo, sycamore, and conifers such as redwood and cedar (Perry 1995). These few resistant species are of significance to the plant breeders but nurture parasitic plant resistant crop genotypes have been very difficult and yet lack success. wont of high and low intensity fires has also been noted but is rather undesirable in plantations as wont result in complete cure but only subside heavy infestation from the mistletoes in stand without suppression of re-infestation (Carnegie et al, 2009).Chemical control of mistletoes has been extensively researched in Australia which points out the reasons for their limited routine practice in forests as these methods are labour intensive, cost-effective, variable or limited in results. Use of biological control strategies including mistletoe targeting fungi has also been evidenced (Carnegie et al, 2009).Recent efforts by S. Aly and his workgroup (at the surgical incision of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Israel) enlists successful biotechnological approaches which guarantee prospects towards achieving effective parasitic weed control and ensure environmental safety (Aly, 2007). Adoption of these tools within biotechnology viz, trait gene introgression, gene silencing, promoter technology etc accordingly towards generating transgenic host trees remain the only promising alternative to combat losses incurred from D.falcata infestations.Aspects of biodiversityManagement and control strategies whether mild or exhaustive and whether practiced on a low to high area of coverage should not overlook that mistletoes are considered a valuable component of biodiversity. They are seen as a keystone resource of food and shelter for diverse population of vertebrates and invertebrates (Carnegie et al, 2009).Conclusions(KEY take up the pr evious issues in above topics and be general and also take examples from other species or genera about the same, for medicinal values and products again search for other existing natural resources.Parasitic plants and their originParasitic plants constitute to about 1% of the total angiosperms in nature.Studies explaining the science behind the evolutionary origin of the ariel habit in Loranthaceae have recently been initiated where primitive hypotheses are being investigated with use of phylogenetic tools and analyses (Wilson and Calvin, 2006).PhytochemistryThough in a recent review by DCruz et al (2010) considerable reproductive toxicity that may cause upon consumption of extracts from the hemiparasite and other plant extracts had been advocated. The article also appeals for extensive research on neutralizing the toxicity of plant based products before they could be validated for their health benefits.Medicinal usesAntioxidants are considered important for preventing piece diseas es but the synthetic antioxidants viz., butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) that have a restricted use as preservatives in oils and fatty foods to minimize their oxidation are considered carcinogenic (Andlauer and Furst, 1998) which can be altered by use of ethanolic and/or methanolic D.falcata extracts as