Why The Confederacy Lost Essays - American Civil War,

Why The Confederacy Lost Why the Confederacy Lost Throughout history many historians have tried to put their finger on the exact reason for the Confederacy losing the war. Some historians blame the head of the confederacy Jefferson Davis, however others believe that it was the shear numbers of the Northern army that won out. Yet others have blamed almost every general that the Confederacy had, according to James M. McPherson: Among them Robert E. Lee himself for mismanagement, overconfidence, and poor judgment; Jeb Stuart for riding off an a raid around the Union army and losing contact with his own army, leaving Lee blind in the enemy's country; Richard Ewell and Jubal Early for failing to attack Cemetery Hill on the afternoon of July 1st and again for tardiness in attacking on the 2nd; and above all, James Longstreet for lack of cooperation, promptness, and vigor in the assaults of July 2nd and 3rd.(P.19). Hopefully, this paper will shed some light on the true reasons for the Confederacy losing the war. There are two categories that interpretations can fall under, one is internal- internal is looking only at the south, what they did right and what they did wrong. The next one is external-external is looking at both the North and the South, seeing the problems and the successes of both sides. For and example of an external explanation, when Pickett was asked what he thought was the reason for the Confederacy losing the Battle of Gettysburg he said, ? I've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it? (19). The idea that the Yankees had way too many

Compare And Contrast The Depiction Of London In Upon Westminster Bridge and From A London Drawing Room Essays

Compare And Contrast The Depiction Of London In Upon Westminster Bridge and From A London Drawing Room Essays Compare And Contrast The Depiction Of London In Upon Westminster Bridge and From A London Drawing Room Paper Compare And Contrast The Depiction Of London In Upon Westminster Bridge and From A London Drawing Room Paper Essay Topic: Literature Upon Westminster Bridge sets the scene with the title. The view from Westminster Bridge is what the inspired the poet. From a London Drawing Room gives us the location but also an insight into the poets lifestyle, as only the wealthy had drawing rooms so it shows the poet is quite well off. The location (being the drawing room) means the room is possibly quite dull. As drawing rooms were often used as quiet places for knitting or smoking. This could have influence on the poets negativity during the poem. The setting is very different from Upon Westminster Bridge, Both from the poets writing location (The drawing room) and also the view from the window the poet is looking out of, which could have influence on what the poet sees or hears which effects the poem overall. Upon Westminster Bridge is a 14 line Petrachan sonnet which shows the poets love for the city (as sonnets were usually written about love). The poem is split with a volta after 8 lines which divides the sections. After the volta the poet seems more engaged with his own emotions. The poem is written in first person as an observer of London, giving his own feelings towards London and personal experiences. The rhyme scheme is A,B,B,A,A,B,B,A,C,D,C,C,D,C, the regular amount of rhyming gives it an upbeat more positive feel . The tone is tranquil and it seems the poet is awestruck at Londons greatness. The poem is set in the morning, as stated in line 5. This means London will be quiet and peaceful compared to one written in rush hour where there would be many people trying to move about. From a London Drawing room is written in third person as an observer of London. It has 19 lines and is written in blank verse. It has a consistent rhythm to show the monotony of the buildings she can see from the drawing room and the dullness of it all. The fact there is no rhyme could also reflect the dullness and monotony of the buildings. The tone is pessimistic and gives a very negative view of London using lots of phrases with a negative connotation. There is also no mention of the time or day in From a London Drawing Room but looking at some lines referring to cabs, it could well be rush hour which would affect the poet compared to Upon Westminster Bridge which was written in the peace of the morning. Upon Westminster Bridge begins positively. Earth has not anything to show more fair The poet is being hyperbolic in saying theres nothing more beautiful in the world than London. The poet then makes the point that youre dull if you dont believe this: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by which is even referring to the spiritual side of a person in saying soul. The poet continues explaining his obvious love for the city. By using the word majesty. This illustrates how meaningful London is to the poet. Wordsworth uses personification in comparing London to a person, wearing garments. This city now doth like a garment wear Wordsworth makes the city seem more real by personifying it in making it wear clothes. He uses garment which is also an upper class term making it seem more majestic as he stated in the line before. The poet then discusses the setting of the poem and creates a tranquil and natural feel The beauty of the morning; Silent, bare. Wordsworth uses what are quite often negative words such as silent and bare in a positive way, in the fact it lets him admire London. Wordsworth then names a list of man made objects. Ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples lie. Wordsworth then contrasts the man made buildings with the beauty of the natural world. Open unto the fields and to the sky, has a positive connotation and blends London into the natural world. He comments on the cleanliness of the air All bright and glittering in the smokeless air using upbeat words with a positive connotation such as Bright and Glittering to make London seem a better place. The rest of the sestet is based around the natural world and begins with: never did the sun more beautifully steep showing the poets feelings about that particular day, It is the most beautiful the sun has ever been. This view of London has a calming effect Neer saw I, Never felt a calm so deep The phrase could refer to Wordsworths soul when he says so deep, that the effect has even reached a spiritual level. Wordsworth emits a feeling of freewill The River Glideth at his own sweet will The poet uses this line to suggest a sense of freedom, in that the river can glide at the pace it wants to, it has the choice. The penultimate line of the sonnet starts with the exclamation Dear God! the poet thanks god for the beauty of the city in this exclamation. The last line creates a feeling the city could spring to life later: And all that mighty heart is lying still! This line uses personification to make the city seem more life like when he emphasises the city is sleeping. But also to indicate that like a human it could come to life at any point From A London Drawing Room begins with a feeling of emotion expressed mainly through weather. The sky is cloudy, yellowed by smoke Eliot uses pathetic fallacy to suggest the yellowed smoke comes from factories that are polluting in the age of industrialisation. The next line outlines Eliots boredom For view there are the houses opposite This continues the negative connotation for the fact the houses are probably dull, and its all Eliot can see. Eliot then uses words with a negative connotation and with a pessimistic tone: Cutting the sky with one long line of wall is suggesting the man made wall is scarring the beauty of the natural world. The phrase also uses alliteration to suggest the continuous boring pattern and the way nothing changes. Another line which creates a very negative feeling about London is Like solid fog: far as the eye can stretch The poet uses the simile of fog as it is impenetrable to show the monotony of London to the poet and how tedious and uninspiring it is. Eliot then explains that poets cant gain any inspiration from the scene and it stifles their imagination Without a break to hang a guess upon. This metaphor is used to show there is nothing for the imagination to grasp. Eliot proceeds on to discuss how Londons dull nature and darkness effects the natural world No bird can make a shadow as it flies which gives the impression London is very dark, and even the natural world cannot make it more pleasant. Eliot then suggests London is covered up when Elliot says By thickest canvas, where the golden rays are clothed in Hemp Hemp is a thick material and the poet is suggesting that the hemp is blocking out the sun, Eliot is using the hemp as a metaphor for the pollution suggesting it blocks out the sun. The poet also uses personification in suggesting London wears clothes. Eliot suggests none of the London citizens ever stop to have a look round, No figures lingering pauses to feed the hunger of the eye Elliot uses words with negative connotation to suggest theyre always moving and dont ever take note of whats around them. This theme is then continued in the next line Or rest a little on the lap of life Again indicating the fact the people of London just continue their normal lives with no thought. Eliot then uses personification and suggests that cars, cabs and carriages all act in the same way, hurrying along the personification makes it seem as if everything is just running in a system. The poet returns to the idea that everyone acts the same in the line All closed, in multiplied identity. The last three lines are the opinions of the poet and state that London is like one giant prison and that everyone is enslaved, With lowest rate of colour warmth and joy this is pessimistic when conveying the lack of colour feeling and emotion within London. The two poems in comparison are very different. They both have very conflicting views on London, and both poets mention London in different ways. Upon Westminster Bridge conveys London very highly in an optimistic way whereas From A London Drawing Room is much the opposite and looks at the negatives. It has a pessimistic tone throughout. In phrases such as Like solid fog: far as the eye can stretch which create a gloomy feeling. The poems despite being very different at first glance have many comparisons between them. They both talk about the air one describing it as Glittering in the smokeless air the other saying yellowed by smoke this shows the comparison of the poets views. Both poets also express views on the man made structures and the natural world and compare the effect London has on it. Such as Cutting the sky with one long line of wall which is used in From A London Drawing Room. Upon Westminster Bridge Combines the two and discusses their beauty and magnificence whereas From A London Drawing Room takes feels that London is killing the beauty of the natural world with its dark nature. Both poems are even similar to the extent they use the same aspect of personification in using garments or material to have an effect on the city but once again one is the positive garment and the other is heavy and dull Hemp. Overall despite the poems being very different in their depiction of London they share lots of similarities, in how they describe the city and natural world despite taking the conflicting views on it.

Is New Labour In The United Kingdom A New Socialist Party Essay

Is New Labour In The United Kingdom A New Socialist Party - Essay Example United Kingdom's labour come in the nineteenth century when there was felt to be an urgent need for a third party to signify the interests of the major working class population, however after subsequent general elections of 1929, 1960's and 1970's it was named as "New Labour" in 1994. In 1997, under the guidance of Tony Blair the British Labour Party has led to a general election victory, escorting from 'old labour' to 'new labour'. We can acknowledge the re-emergence of New Labour as a party of liberal policies, which is characterized as a belief in legal rights and duties towards a citizen, however the party's popularity has affected badly since 2001 for the criticism the new name with an unprecedented comments of 'spin doctoring' and 'New Labour, New Danger' has brought to it.(Wikipedia, Labour Party UK)When we focus on the public sector response given to the New Labour's political vision, it can be seen that New Labour's public philosophy is a development of the socialist traditi on in response to specific dilemmas conceived largely in terms associated with the New Right. This factor should also be considered that Old Labour, New Labour, and the New Rights are all those abstractions that simplify some specific complex sets of political ideas, practices, and loyalties.Public philosophy also leads it to be communitative including many developing ideas that incorporate the experiences of community action and the labor movement. Community work in this approach is about assisting communities, particularly those affected by poverty and insecurity, to develop a strong voice in arguing for different economic and social outcomes than those they presently experience. (Anne Quinney, 2002) Community Action During the mid 1960s to mid 1970s, community work enjoyed a high profile in the UK. The desire of the British government to address and ameliorate social problems, particularly those in inner city areas, led to a range of schemes and programs, most of which used intervention in communities and neighborhoods as a core component. The role of community work at that time was to stabilize and incorporate sections of the population perceived to be "difficult" and provide support to integrate them into mainstream activity. So, the main problem remained within the community and produced a radical critique by economic, political, and social structures, creating an unequal distribution of resources and power throughout society. The continued existence of deprived areas was essential for the continuance of capitalism. In other words, structural inequalities were the root cause of poverty, where the community work was identified as controversial and problematic, as well as a useful practice for tackling social problems. This tension is constantly played out in the British community work field and cannot be ignored when examining aspects of practice. The experience of community development in Britain has been characterized by work at the neighborhood level and, has a primary focus upon a process whereby community groups are encouraged to articulate their problems and needs that will lead to collective action in the determination and meeting of their needs. Community Development has now extended its social exclusion towards health improvement targets and a unique and central feature of health and social care policies. The British New Labour government launched the Social Exclusion Unit, consisting of a group of civil servants and independent advisors, to analyze and report on problems in the 1,300 poorest neighborhoods. The first report attacked the way in which the previous government had failed these neighborhoods, as not enough emphasis had been placed on the communities themselves

Managing Innovation & Entrepreneurship Assignment

Managing Innovation & Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example Even when the innovation is principally a product or service that has its beginnings principally as a technological breakthrough, its eventual usefulness will depend greatly on whether the new discovery or invention could be rendered in a form usable according to how the discoverer or inventor intended it to be used. In Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt (2005) the invention of Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulb was discussed, but was not put immediately to commercial use. The light bulb needed electricity to work, which was not difficult for Edison to generate (as direct current) for a single or even a set of light bulbs for his own lab or residence. But if every house and street was to be lighted up by his invention, a way must be discovered for electricity to be generated at a single station, then transmitted and supplied to a whole geographical area. Edison’s direct current, however, could not travel long distances, and was very inefficient. It took the discovery and dev elopment of Nikolai Tesla’s alternating current – something Edison resented and even campaigned against – to perform this task, because AC transmission was very efficient, and it travels extremely long distances compared to DC’s few kilometres (McNichol, 2006).. In retrospect, Edison’s light bulb was a technological invention, but one that could not be put to practical commercial use until AC supply was invented. The above case shows how technology cannot stand alone to sustain an innovation, because the innovation has to do with more than just the technology, but the way people’s lives are changed. The innovation must be linked to the market in all its aspects – its technical design, manufacturing, management and commercial activities (Tidd, et al., 2005). Furthermore, a successful innovation is not just filling the consumer’s need, but fulfilling it in a new and differentiated way. A new product or service is not an innovatio n, unless it offers the customers â€Å"something of value that competitors don’t have (MacMillan & McGrath, 1997, p. 133). This does not necessarily rest on the technological merits of the innovation; sometimes, it may be something as simple as the relocation of handles, and lids, or the design of packaging that offers the customer utility; all of these are innovations, though not necessarily advanced technologically. Among our readings is a case study on CEMEX, or Cementos Mexicanos, a Mexican cement giant. Although it is a century old and comes from a developing country, the company has become the third-largest selling cement company in the world by volume, exporting to more than sixty companies, and garnering sales of more than US$ 6 billion (Sull, Ruelas-Gossi, & Escobari, 2004). The company’s secret is that it tries to understand the needs of its market very well, sending employees out to the communities to learn where their product can be improved to meed the c ustomers’ needs, and develop ways their customers can better afford their product. The article goes on to describe how companies in developing economies are able to innovate despite: (1) lack of a solid technology base; (2) serving a country with low disposable income; and (3) operating on a shoestring budget (Sull, Ruelas-Gos

Native American and European Contributions to the U.S. Development Research Paper

Native American and European Contributions to the U.S. Development - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the United States is one of the most powerful and successful countries in the world, which is linked to their diverse societies and cultures. The country is â€Å"representing global power in terms of economic and military resources based on national grounds like no other unit†. Also, it is a place for diverse immigrants from all over the world, which have positive influences on the U.S. current economic and military status. The cultures and societies they have today are formed from different settlers or colonizers they have experienced, particularly from Asia, Middle East, and Europe. Based on a collective definition, culture is based on reflected values, norms, and practices that are executed by an individual in the society, which is mostly coming from previous generations or societies. Furthermore, there is no such thing as perfect or absolute culture anywhere in the world because diversity will always be present in terms of fragmented population, demographics, beliefs, understandings, socioeconomic status, and many more. However, diversity is positively perceived by many people around the world, and they are using this concept to improve their cultural and social status by familiarizing the concept; this event is commonly known as the inclusion. Cultural differences have significant influences to modern societies or social groups. Thus, there is no certain community or country that has a pure identity of culture in terms of behaviors, attitudes, values, etc., but the culture has made a country unique and separated. Diversity and inclusion have different meanings and different usages, but they needed each other to have a well-function and consistent system or society. Diversity means â€Å"difference† in many things/events while inclusion is the â€Å"capacity to include difference† or how to make diversity works. The concept of diversity is the accumulation of everything including events, personalities, hypothesis, experiences, lifestyles, race, gender, etc., which are gained from previous settlers or generations. More often, diversity is considered as a barrier that is strongly felt in national cultures and complex societies; however, it does not mean the concept does not exist in the domestic deal. The early people are moving from one country to another, and as they crossed geographical borders, cultures have been passed, but the process is more complicated. However, it is believed that diversity is vital for the uninterrupted existence of humanity because it â€Å"widens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of the roots of development, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence†. On the other hand, the concept of inclusion is concerned with the usage of diversity to settle societal issues, transform differences as an important tool to humanity, and become beneficial to the general welfare. Inclusion’s role in diversity could be illustrated in terms of principles or actions that are in favor to the public, and it will help diverse people to understand and admire the differences within their community. The concept of diversity or inclusion in the U.S. context is found in the country’s diverse cultures and complex social groups, which are some of today’s most salient issues.

Analysing Specifications for a New System

Analysing Specifications for a New System Computer science SDLC assessment z A C First step in analysing the specifications for the new system is data collection.Data collection is the process of gathering and absorption of information on targeted aspect in an established systematic fashion, which then allows one to answer related questions and evaluate outcomes. The 3 best ways are through interviews, on-site observation, and surveys. Through these forms of data gathering certain information can be obtained for example what aspects of the last system should be pulled through to the new system, any new ideas to better the new system and thoughts on the proposed ideas contributed by the analyst. The first and most efficient way of collecting data is through 1 on 1 interviews. An interview is where a data collector or in this case the system analyst asks either an employee or client about what they would like to see in the new system. Possible questions include the ones mentioned above as well as questions like is there any ideas that you have that you would like to share?. Information like this will be of major value for the system analyst as it gives a face to the name as in you see real people and not just messages which would make communication much easier and efficient. In regards to who should be interviewed it would be best to interview at least 2 stakeholders from each department in the work so in other words two people from the management/administration department, two accounting staff, two medical staff. The reason two people from each department are to be interviewed is to provide at least two different perspectives which would make the system the middle ground and in turn make it generally welcoming to most users. Another question that should be asked particularly to the medical staff is whether they think that the current equipment is in good enough condition or in need of replacement. On site observation is when the analyst goes to the offices or field and observes the staff working and gathers information on what the system needs. This form of data gathering is very time consuming but is rewarding just as much as it gives the system analyst the ability to see the system in use in the workplace which is what would greatly improve the performance of a system as it is shaped to the way the staff practice it. On site observation will provide the answer to one of the most important question which is are the current staff experienced and deemed capable of learning and implementing new solutions?. By answering this question, the weak links can be identified and terminated which would increase efficiency and standard of performance as well as the system being used to its full potential. A survey is when the analyst creates a page or webpage of questions (usually multiple choice) to gather the thoughts and feelings of people about his proposed ideas on what could be implemented in the new system. The best characteristic of using surveys is that it can even be sent out to external agencies such as Medicare and equipment suppliers. The reason why maintaining communication with the external agencies is because when the agencies and the hospital agree they can synchronize and increase efficiency in supply delivery or funding. This would make it easier to allocate the proposed budget and check whether its worthy or not. The information should be gathered from the key stakeholders like the management/administration, accounting staff and the medical staff. Sources of information for example current procedures, equipment, documentation like medical records, account information and equipment manuals, as well as external agencies like Medicare and the equipment suppliers. The main points that should be focused on are the weaknesses of the old system and what is needed for the new one. In this case one of the biggest flaws of the current system is that it cannot adequately manage current billing and funding models. This is needed to maintain the funding to the hospital so that they can get their equipment and pay their staff. The current software also was unable to expand further for the rapidly growing home care service which is guaranteed to pose a problem in future so the new system must be created with enough flexibility to allow further development and additional upgrades. The fact that the home care department is in a separate building gives an opportunity and a reason for creating their own separate system with their own secretary, postal address, and billing information. This would decrease the traffic on the system and increase efficiency.

Effect of pH Levels on the Growth of Bean Plants Essay

Different pH level may affect the growth and development of the plants. Certain key words include: pH level, germination, acidity, osmosis and diffusion. This experiment examines the effects of different pH level of vinegar on the growth of bean plants. Materials used in this experiment consist of: water (pH 6), vinegar with the pH level of 3, 4 and 5 (each one were made before experiment), beans, soil, and pots. Eight bean plants were planted, two were watered with pH 6 and the other ones were each watered with pH 5, pH 4 and pH 3 vinegar. The results were that beans watered with pH 3 shrunk and began to die, pH 4 beans were growing at a slow rate, beans watered with pH 5 grew at a fairly normal pace and pH 6 grew the fastest. Overall, the more acidic the environment, the harder it is for plants to survive. Introduction Acidity is the quality or state of being acid; pH below 7. Exploring the different levels of acidity affect plant growth and development, the process of germination must occur to see the affects upon the growth of the beans. Germination is the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow. With the acidity expressed with pH levels is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, in depth the measure of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Following these concepts is the process of â€Å"normal† plant growth. Plants require nutrients for growth. Their process depends on the essential nutrients of abundant sunlight, water, fertile soil, and minerals6. To investigate how the plants respond to changes in the acidity of their environments, photosynthesis is another significant concept involved. Photosynthesis is the a process by which energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll and is later converted to chemical energy with the key reactants of water, ca rbon dioxide and light6. Osmosis is the diffusion of water in which the plants obtain their water and nutrients from3. Replacing water with acids of different pH levels (1 being most acidic and 12 the most basic) it is hypothesized that the lower the pH of the acid used to water the plant the faster and more fatal for the plant undergoing plasmolysis (when the plant cells diffuse water out to establish equilibrium in its environment) to perish. The plants watered with a lower pH solution either as stated dies or grows at a slower rate that the controlled plants of pH 6. The conclusion of this hypothesis was based off  the knowledge provide from the media about the effects of not only global warming but also acid precipitation and their harms. The process of this experiment was to simulate the actual acid precipitation of nitric and sulfuric acids in which was represented with vinegar solutions to observe the plant responses to different environmental conditions . Materials and Equipment †¢Eight bean plants†¢One medium sized pot (about 10-15 cm in diameter)†¢4 small pots (about 5-7 cm in diameter)†¢A pack of wide-ranged pH paper (is able to detect pH levels of 0-12)†¢About 500 mL of white vinegar†¢Three 500 mL beakers†¢Tap water†¢A planting area with plenty of light†¢Planting soil mix†¢Tape and a marker to label the pots†¢A rulerMethodsRefer to Figure 1 for the following set-up. The pots were filled with a planting soil mix and one bean was planted into each of the small pots by pushing the beans about 2.5 cm into the soil and covering the hole with soil. Two beans were planted in the medium sized pot with the same methods. Beans were embedded near the centre of the pot to allow room for the roots to extend and the beans that shared a pot were planted near the centre, about 2 cm apart. Figure 1: Experimental Set UpFigure 1 shows the experimental set up for this investigation (the distance of the seeds from the soil’s surface and the distance between seeds sharing a pot. The pots were placed in an area with lots of light (under lamps) and were watered with tap water until the beans germinated and grew to about 5cm. The beans germinated at different times and thus the plants were different height when the independent variables (the pH of the solution they were watered with) were added. While the plants were germinating and growing, an observation table based on Figure 2 was created to record the following variables:Date, pH, height, colour, shape, and other information. Figure 2: Observation Table templateFigure 2 shows the template for an observation table needed to record data collected from this investigation. The height, colour and shape were variables that depended on the pH (the independent variable), and so by manipulating the pH level, the dependent variables were also manipulated. Solutions with different pH solutions were created in order to manipulate the independent variable. Refer to Table 1 for the ratios needed to create the pH solutions. Note that because tap water’s pH may be different depending on the water supply, it is best to follow Table 1, and test the pH using pH paper. If the pH level is correct, then add more water or acid accordingly. Table 1: Ratios needed for pH solutionspHVolume of Tap WaterVolume of VinegarpH 3None250 mLpH 4500 mL50 mLpH 5500 mL5 mLpH 6500 mLNoneTable 1 shows the volumes of tap water and vinegar needed to make the pH solutions. When the plants grew to the appropriate height, each pot was labelled with the pH level which they would be watered with. Two of the small plats in the small pots would be watered with a pH 3 solution, and so those pots were labelled as â€Å"pH 3†. Two â€Å"pH 3† plants were needed because it produced a result that was extremely different from the other plants, and so the result needed to be confirmed. The plants in the remaining small pots were labelled â€Å"pH 4† and â€Å"pH5†. The medium sized pot was labelled â€Å"Control†, as it would be watered with tap water rather than a diluted acid. The control plants helped emphasize the changes manipulations to the independent variable (the pH level) caused in the dependent variable (the height). Again, two plants were needed for the control in order to confirm the results. After labelling was completed, the data listed in Figure 2 was recorded in the observation table. The height was measured using a ruler. Watering began after the first set of data was recorded. Each plant was watered with the pH solution indicated by their labels. There should be just enough solution to wet the immediate area around the stem of the plant. The plants were watered once (each) every two of three days, and data was  recorded each time the plants were watered. Watering continued for two weeks until 8 sets of data were recorded (data for 8 days). Observations and Results All of the plants except for those watered with a pH 3 solution grew at different rates, resulting from the differences in the pH levels of the solutions used to water the plants. The ‘controlled plants’ (plants watered with tap water) grew much faster than most of the other plants. This represented the growth rate of plants in a ‘normal’ environment in which the independent variable (the pH level of water) has not been manipulated. By comparing the other plants with the controlled plants, a better conclusion can be reached. The growth rate of the other plants can be compared with the growth rate of either controlled plants reflected in Figure 3:Figure 3: The Growth Rate of pH 6 plant BFigure 3 shows the height of pH 6 plant B over the span of two weeks. The controlled plant grew almost exponentially over the span of two weeks. As reflected in Figure 3, Plant B have a slower growth rate near the beginning of the investigation, and towards the middle and near the end, the plant experienced very fast growth. Because this plant was watered with a â€Å"controlled† material (tap water), it is seen as the normal growth of a bean plant. It was hypothesized that the plants watered with a lower pH solution would either die before the other plants would, or would grow much slower than the other plants. As reflected in Table 2, the plants watered with the pH 3 solution began dying within 2 days, while the other plants remained alive. Although the other plants remained alive for the duration other the investigation, the rate of growth still differed from plant to plant. For example, when the investigation began, the pH 5 plant and the pH 4 plant were the same height (refer to Table 2). However, as watering with acids began, the pH 5 plant continued to grow, but the pH 4 plant would remain the same (or around the same) height for almost the entire investigation, and only grew a total of 2 cm at the end of the investigation. The different  between the pH 4 and the pH 5 plants are shown in Figure 4:Figure 4: Comparison of the growth rates of the pH 5 plant and the pH 4 plantFigure 4 shows the height of each plant for each day recorded. Discussion part 1The hypothesis was correct, that the beans watered with the more acidic vinegar died faster. During the process, the bean that was water with pH 3 slowly shrunk and shrivelled up. However, the bean that was water with pH 6 never shrunk or shrivelled, instead it grew the fastest and healthiest. Refer to Table 2, the pattern shown was that the more acidic the solution is, the less likely the plants will survive in that environment. The independent variable (pH levelled solutions) affected the dependent variable (the plants, in this case the beans) as predicted. Due to the low pH level, the beans watered with it gradually shrunk and dried up. In comparison, the beans watered with the higher pH level (pH 6), grew tall and healthy looking. In the end, the independent variable, the pH level affected the growth of the dependent variable, the beans as expected. Discussion part 2The data gathered shows the effect of acid on bean plants. It was hypothesized that the plants watered with an acidic solution would grow slower than the control plant because acid can denature proteins and cause damage to cells and tissue . As hypothesized, the plants watered with a lower pH solution either died very quickly or grew at a much slower rate than the controlled plant. As reflected in the data recorded on the final day of the investigation (Table 2), the closer to neutral the solution the plants were watered with, the taller and faster they grew (as reflected in Figure 5):Discussion part 3Although, the results of the plants in acidity conditions were accurately hypothesized, experimental error may have occurred. Meaning if any experimental errors occurred they have not impacted the results. However, in the process of germination of the bean plants several setbacks aroused. For instance, watering the seeds in the pot may have been too heavy and may have leeched the seed further down the pot causing its death. Other times were where outside interferences may have removed the germinated plants from its pot. Looking at the main procedures of this experiment the lack of supervision of the acids made have weakened or strengthen their pH as outside elements were exposed to them when the  parafilms has ripped or ruptured. This changes the effect of soil pH which is great on the solubility of minerals or nutrients. As fourteen of the seventeen essential plant nutrients are obtained from the soil5. Some plants if shared a pot is another factor that may have affected the results a little as competition for nutrients occurred. Other incidences like providing abundant sunlight to the plants, as the sunlight was mimicked by fluorescent light the plants at the ends may have obtained less light for their process of photosynthesis. Procedural errors may have impacted the results more than instrumental errors; however it was not adequate enough to obtain false results as proven in figure 5. As the purpose of this lab was to simulate actual acid precipitation it relates greatly to the society, economy and the environment. The result of this experiment proves to be a direct impact on the environment as it can ruin or kill off plant vegetation. Starting off from the industries (economy) that pollute the atmosphere with emissions of air pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide that also seriously affect the health in children, the elderly, and people with heart and lung conditions4. It contributes the formation of acid rain which in this case is the objective of the experiment. Our mimics of acid precipitation affect ponds, lakes, and streams that lead to not only the disappearance of vegetation but animal life too. In one case, the sulfuric acid plant discovered to have cost a total of two million dollars charged on DuPont and Lucite International Inc. to the United States and the state of West Virginia on April 2009. Not only have the chemical manufacturing complex made modifications to their plant in 1996 without first obtaining pre-construction permits and installing required pollution control equipment their plant emits 98.7 tons of sulfuric acid mist, 86.1 tons of nitrogen dioxide and 212.4 tons of carbon monoxide that contributes to smog each year4. This experiment provided direct importance to the responds of emissions and pollution even thought it was only the use of vinegar. Figure 5: Comparison of the ‘Final Height† of Each plantFigure 5 shows the height of each plant on the final day of the investigation (May 1st, 2009). Acid likely affects the plants’ health and growth because they could create environments which make denature proteins in the plants. As plants absorb water and nutrients from their roots, protein in plant cells could be exposed to low pH levels. Also, because acids are solutions, they could put the plants in a hypertonic environment in which there are more solutes outside of the cell than solvents. Plant cells undergo osmosis (the diffusion of water) in order to obtain water and nutrients. Osmosis usually occurs down a concentration gradient, meaning that the cell would try to establish homeostasis by diffusing water in or out of the cell to equalize the concentration of each environment. Because there are solutes in the acids used to water the plants, it lowers the concentration of water in the soil. To try and establish homeostasis, the cells would diffuse water out. This environment would cause not only the plant to retain less water than a plant that has been watered with tap water, but it would cause the plant to lose water, causing plasmolysis (in which the cells shrivel). As seen in Figure 5, there are still some inconsistencies in the correlation between plant height and acidity. For example, although Plant A was more neutral than pH 5 Plant, it is shorter. This is a result of several factors: Plant A had germinated later than pH 5, and so would be ‘lagging’ behind in terms of growth, and Plant A also shared a pot with Plant B, which may have competed with Plant A for nutrients and growth room for roots. Although the beans were planted a fair distance apart, roots can grow past that distance. Another inconsistency is that, although acidity level (the number of hydrogen ions released in solution) increase or decrease tenfold per pH level, some levels have growth patterns that are more alike than others, despite the pH difference of only one. For example, the plant watered with a pH 5 solution has experienced 10 times more acidity (10 times more hydrogen ions) than the larger controlled plant (which germinated at around the same time as the pH 5 plant). Despite this, the plants grew at a similar pace, and the difference in their final height is small, as reflected in Figure 6 and Table 2. Figure 6: Comparison of the growth rate of Control Plant B and pH 5 PlantFigure 6 shows the height of each respective plant on the days recorded. pH levels further from neutral have a wider range of effects on the plant, however. The ratio of hydrogen ions in the acid watering the pH 4 Plant and the pH 3 Plants were the same was the ratio between the controlled plant (B) and the pH 5 Plant, but the different in health and growth of the pH 4 Plant and the pH 3 Plants were drastically different, as reflected in Table 2. Although the pH 4 Plant grew much slower than the control plant (B) and the pH 5 Plant, it still remained alive and fairly healthy (as reflected in the â€Å"Shape† and â€Å"Colour† columns of Table 2). The pH 3 Plants, on the other hand, died or began to die only two days after it was watered with pH 3 acid. As reflected in the â€Å"Shape† and â€Å"Colour† columns of Table 2, while the pH 4 Plant maintained its healthy colour and shape, both pH 3 Plants became very shrivelled and the colour became very unsaturated. These results could be explained by experimental error. The pH solutions used to water the plants were unsupervised, and although parafilms were used, they often broke, allowing outside elements to fall into the solution. This could change to pH level of the acids. The solutions were not tested for their acidity aside from the initial preparation for the investigation. This could mean that the pH 5 solution had become less acidic than before, or the pH 3 solution had become more acidic than before. Moreover, acids affect different plants differently . Although all of the plants were of the same species, they could still possess alleles that make them slightly unique from each other. It is possible that these alleles could affect how acid affects the plants’ growth. Rubin, Ken. â€Å"Effect of Acid Rain on Plants.† SOEST| School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 13 May 2009 . Rubin, Ken. â€Å"Effect of Acid Rain on Plants.† SOEST| School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 13 May 2009 .  ³ Galbraith, Donald, Leesa Blake, Jean Bullard, Anita Chetty, and Eric Grace. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Biology 11. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 2001. Print. 4 â€Å"Sulfuric Acid Plant Emissions Cost Dupont and Lucite $2 Million.† Environment News Service 20 Apr 2009 Web.14 May 2009. . 5 â€Å"Soil pH: What it Means.† SUNY-ESF E-Center. 2009. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. 14 May 2009 . 6 Paillai, Maya. â€Å"Plant Growth Process: How does a Plant Grow?.† Buzzle.com. 17 June 2008. 14 May 2009 .

Analysis of ‘Icarus’ by Christine Hemp Essay

In the poem â€Å"Icarus,† Christine Hemp uses literary devices to convey that a father-son relationship can be problematic. Hemp pulls a twist on the original myth, and retells it in Icarus’ point of view. Her version of the myth shows that Icarus wasn’t very fond of his father Daedalus; however Daedalus didn’t realize that Icarus wanted to be free. â€Å"bound by the string†¦for years to untie TO I didn’t know†¦to return† (#14 and 15 TO 16 and 17) This quote portrays the emotion Icarus feels towards his father by the use of irony. At this point, the reader understands that Icarus had to deal with Daedalus with only the hope of exiting the prison, but once free he longs to be away from his father. Christine Hemp threw a new strand of emotion into the mix by showing that Icarus wanted to be free; as doing so, he caused a catastrophe. â€Å"Poor Daedalus, his mouth an O below, his hands outstretched to catch the rain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (#18 and 19) This excerpt shows diction, which illustrates Daedalus’ innocence with the words ‘poor’ and ‘O below’. Hemp also tried to show the difference between Icarus and Daedalus by using asyndeton. â€Å"my clumsiness with figures, father’s calm impatience, cool logic, interminable devising.† (#8 and 9) This shows Icarus’ reasons as to why he doesn’t like Daedalus, and why he tries to be better than his father. Since Daedalus is clueless, he couldn’t prevent Icarus’ death; now the reader can infer that Daedalus will have a life of sorrow and regret, without knowing the truth. Hemp’s use of the devices diction, irony, and asyndeton help the reader further understand the myth in a way the original myth couldn’t.

“Fate loves the fearless” Essay Example

â€Å"Fate loves the fearless† Essay Example â€Å"Fate loves the fearless† Essay â€Å"Fate loves the fearless† Essay Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet James Russell Lowell’s comment that â€Å"Fate loves the fearless†, is evident in the Shakespearean play ‘Romeo and Juliet’, and in particular with regards to the two main characters: Romeo and Juliet. These two characters fall under the influence of fate which drives them to their deaths. Similarly, the above comment also relates to how an individual can be weak when compared to society. As Romeo and Juliet are fearless to defy the laws of their society, fate drives them to the tragic ending of the play. These two themes are supported by incidents that happen to characters throughout the plot, and their reactions to these incidents. Fate is defined as the development of events outside a person’s control, influenced by outside forces. Fate and its power are presented throughout the play. In the first address to the audience, the Chorus states that Romeo and Juliet are â€Å"star-crossed lovers†, a phrase which suggests that their love is being frustrated by outside forces, leading an Elizabethan audience to believe that they are controlled by fate. Also in the same passage, the Chorus declares that Romeo and Juliet’s love is â€Å"death-marked†, which can suggest that the couple have no control over what happens, which eventually leads to the tragic ending of the play. For example, the Friar’s plan, which may have seemed to the audience a good one, is ruined by the events that happen while Juliet is â€Å"dead†, events which the Friar could not have predicted. However, another interpretation of â€Å"death-marked† could be that the couple are responsible for their own deaths and that it possibly has been a result of their actions. Fate also plays a part in the timing of Romeo’s death and Juliet’s awakening, separated only by minutes. The prologue leads us to believe that these events are not mere coincidences, but are examples of the power of fate and the role that it has in the play. It is also shown in this play how an individual can be weak, compared to the power of society. This is especially shown in the actions of Romeo and Juliet. In their time, much emphasis was placed on the Christian religion and an ordered social structure. There was also a hierarchy in the families themselves. This was interpreted with God at the top, then coming down to the father of the family. In Elizabethan times the defiance of parents was considered equal to disobeying God himself. It was seen as attacking the very fabric of society. Both Romeo and Juliet defy their parents when they fall in love for each other, especially because they are of opposing families. As the head of the family, the father has power over all members of the family, especially females. Therefore, the defiance of her parents is extremely dangerous for Juliet. For example, she is particularly vulnerable when refusing to marry Paris, causing the anger and rage of her father. The intensity of Romeo and Juliet’s love leads them to act in an un-Christian manner, as they start to think of each other in blasphemous terms. For example, Juliet calls Romeo â€Å"the god of my idolatry,† elevating Romeo to the level of God. It also leads them to break the laws of society, using darkness to cover their actions from other people. As a result of these breaches, it is shown how the individual can be weak when compared to society. As explained above, Romeo and Juliet are seen to fall under the power of fate, which leads them to the disastrous ending of the play. Being both young and fearless, they breach the rules of society. The consequences of this show how vulnerable they can be when singled out as individuals. These two themes are revealed by incidents in the play and the characters’ reactions to them.

Cocaine in the black community essays

Cocaine in the black community essays Cocaine in its numerous forms is created from the coca plant which is from the high mountain ranges of South America. The coca leaves were used by natives of this region and acted upon the user as a stimulant. The stimulating effects of the drug increase breathing which increases oxygen intake. This allowed native laborers of the region to perform their duties in the thin air at high altitudes. In time science figured out how to maximize the strength and effect of the drug contained in the coca leaves. Through chemically synthesizing the coca leaves the white crystal powder we have come to know as cocaine was created. As time passed newer methods to magnify the euphoric effects of the drug were invented which has led us to the most potent and addictive form of the drug, crack (Karch 23). Cocaine is a chemical: a crystalline, odorless, colorless alkaloid, solid at room temperature. There are basically two chemical forms of cocaine: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The hydrochloride salt, or powdered form of cocaine, dissolves in water and, when abused, can be taken intravenously (by vein) or intranasal (in the nose). Freebase refers to a compound that has not been neutralized by an acid to make the hydrochloride salt. The freebase form of cocaine is smokable. Cocaine is easily passed from the blood into the brain. It fits onto specific nerve cells in the brain in a way that amplifies the signals they transmit. Those nerve cells regulate experiences of delight and pleasure, and the action of thee cells, when first exposed to cocaine, your brain creates and releases chemicals to intensify the feeling of well-being. The brain then adapts to external perturbations, as well as the presences of the cocaine crystals present in your body. More or less after lon g periods of use the drug will guarantee death (Karch 24). In the United States cocaine was first synthesized in 1855, but it was not until 1880 that cocaine was sought...

McCains Proposal to Cut Tricare for Retirees and it's Impact Essay

McCains Proposal to Cut Tricare for Retirees and it's Impact - Essay Example To support this move, leaders from the Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air force testified citing the devastating effects would have. Unfortunately, these military Leaders were uninformed about the proposal to cut TRICARE for retirees and its effects. The cuts known as sequestration will have an impact of weapons modernization and force levels if the committee does not cut a deal by the deadline. According to Philpott (2011), Senator McCain stated that putting retirees under the age of sixty-five to forcefully use TRICARE standard, health insurance from civilian employers or free-for service among other options would help the department of defense save up to one hundred and eleven billion dollars in the coming decade. In McCain’s view, it would be better to remove the TRICARE deal than take an alternative that would reduce funds for equipment, essential weapon programs and training that is needed by the military. McCain’s reason for bringing up the proposal, according to a staff member was to ensure that the super committee picks an option that would not compromise the department of defense, military personnel and their families while maintaining TRICARE provisions (Philpott, 2011). However much this proposal might seem perfect, it is bound to cause more harm than good. The military personnel will not accept this proposal. ... Cutting the TRICARE prime would make them use other options used by the civilians. This is bound to be expensive for the military retirees. The premise that restricting military retirees and their families from TRICARE prime would make them avoid spending cuts would not be cost-effective. Cuts must be spent either way. Restricting participation in TRICARE prime would not save any cost. Most military working-age retirees are not rich. Cutting them off from TRICARE prime would seriously impair their financial capacities. Another impact the proposal would have is that is has not considered retirees under the age of sixty who do not have additional health insurance, have no employment or are homeless. All military retirees should receive the same treatment from the government. Restricting TRICARE prime against working-age retirees will be a form of discrimination. They choose to get into the military to protect the country. However, they do not choose to retire early. It is because of me dical and disabling conditions that arise from work related issues that make force them to retire. Unlike retires over the age of 65, the working-age military retirees retire while young and may not get other employments because of their medical and or disabling conditions. Therefore, this proposal would discriminate on retires based on age. The fact that working age military retirees make up almost half of the percentage of TRICARE eligible population does not make it right for them to be used as sacrificial lamps in order to save cuts. This would be problematic because there is no justification as to why they should be restricted together with their families. Their chances of getting other employment opportunities are as slim as those

Postmodernism Art and Cognitive Mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postmodernism Art and Cognitive Mapping - Essay Example In its particular form, postmodernism was used in identifying pluralistic style in various arts, such as painting, music, philosophy, literature and even films. It directly contradicts and revolting against the "pretensions of high modernism" art (Honderich 1995). Usually, the form is taken as a basis for critical theory of certain work primarily architectural, then later on in literature and designs. It was historically regarded that this was formed by architectural movement to emphasis their dissatisfaction to modernism form (Britannica 2004). Its flexibility proven as it stretched its horizon and encompasses as well cultural description, constitutional interpretation, business and marketing. They are described as a revival of the traditional elements in designing, and techniques (Merriam-Webster 2004). In its easiest description, postmodern art abandons the political advocacy for particular principle that modern art had been known of. Francis Berry, in his work Art of the Eye and Mind (2007), described this form and its occurrence as "the political ideals that fueled modernism had given way to profound disillusionment with abhorrent wars such as Vietnam, ultra-utilitarian architecture, and academic minimalism". Along with this, Barry explained that postmodernism "undermines the manipulative aspect of ideologies by exposing the artificiality of style" (Barry 2007). However, this study deals on the postmodernism significance to assess certain literary works, as well as its certain role and effectiveness in delivering considerable points of the works. Frederic Jameson's Theory. Although Jean-Francois Lyotard, Jean Baudillard, and Jacques Derrida were the primary thinkers of the Postmodernism, it was Frederic Jameson who came up with lucid principle of the movement. In Jameson's work "Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism", it was then analyzed that his theory is formulated with an integration of Marxist theory, known as the basis of the modernism politics. According to Jonathan Clark, Jameson had "proposed the epoch of post modernity with its own economic, political and cultural ideals, and practices" (2007), thus it made him the "most important cultural critic writing in English today". For further discernment of the subject, it is essential to analyze the understanding in Jameson's theory, of its background and initial drive of his project (Clark 2007). Like many of the prior structured movement, postmodernism is being criticized by its contemporary movements. In Jameson's work, it stated in there that cognitive mapping is the only hope for the postmodern art, as the form now has been debatable of its principles for certain political analysis. Cognitive Mapping. Perhaps Frederic Jameson's remarkable theory regarding postmodernism is the cognitive mapping. Craig Stroupe of University of Minnesota (2008) defined Jameson's cognitive mapping as "a process by which the individual subject situates himself within a vaster, unrepresentable totality, a process that corresponds to the workings of ideology". Stroupe continued his description of cognitive mapping. This time he picked up Jameson's comparative approach of the ideology to the physical geography of a person as the concrete process of cognitive mapping. He stated: "In a classic work, The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch taught us